Solvothermal Routes

Gautam UK, Seshadri R, Rajamathi M, Meldrum F, Morgan P (2001) A solvothermal route to capped CdSe nanoparticles. Chem Commun 629-630... 

Xiao J, Xie Y, Xiong Y, Tang R, Qian Y (2001) A mild solvothermal route for chalcopyrite quarternaiy semiconductors CulnScxSi x nanociystallites. J Mater Chem 11 1417-1421... 

Fig. 7 Comparison between the experimental powder XRD pattern of a material prepared by mechanochemical synthesis and the simulated powder XRD pattern of a potential candidate known structure prepared previously by a solvothermal route. Visual comparison (top part) might tend to suggest that the two materials are very similar. However, detailed comparison (bottom part) reveals important differences between the powder XRD patterns. In particular, the peak at 26 29° is present for the material prepared by mechanochemical synthesis but is absent...

Fig. 11 Crystal structure of a metal-organic framework material Zn2(fina)2(bipy) prepared by mechanochemical synthesis, with the structure determined directly from powder XRD data. The structure is viewed (a) along the c-axis and (b) along the b-axis. The two (identical) interpenetrated frameworks are indicated by yellow and purple shading. For comparison, (c) and (d) show the corresponding views of the stmcture of a DMF solvate material Zn2(fma)2(bipy)(DMF)o.5 prepared by a solvothermal route. Although there is some similarity between these structures, there are nevertheless important stmctural differences between them...

By using polymer-controlled growth in ethylenediamine at 170°C, very long CdS nanowires (100px40 nm) were synthesized (Fig. 9a) [36]. Cadmium sulfide with different morphologies, such as nanoparticles and nanorods (Fig. 9b) [39], peanut-like nanostructures [37] and hollow nanospheres [38] (Fig. 9c) were prepared via solvothermal routes. 

Iron particles were synthesized by a solvothermal route, to the best of our knowledge, which is seldom used in the synthesis of nanometals[20].The reaction was as the follows ... 

The ceria nanocrystals could be synthesized through solvothermal routes, where a nonaqueous reaction media, such as ethanol, CCI4, or mixed solvents, are used (Li et al., 2001 Verdon et al., 1995 ... 

Li et al. prepared NaYp4 Eu microcrystals with an intense blue luminescence via solvothermal route. OA and CTAB were served as the surfactants to tune the morphology, while citric acid stabilized the p-NaYp4 and reduced Eu " " to Eu (Su et al., 2008). 

FIGURE 2.1 Solvothermal routes to synthesize crystalline particles of metal oxide. 

Fig. 7.15. TEM (a) and (b) and HRTEM image (c) of the multiwall carbon nanotubes prepared by a catalytic-assembly solvothermal route.

Nanocrystalline InAs is obtained by the reaction of (MesSi) 3As with InCls or by reaction of InCU with NasAs, respectively. A solvothermal route has been proposed to prepare InAs nanocrystals, which involves co-reduction of InCls and AsCls by Zn The high quality nanocrystalline InAs can be obtained by the thermolysis of a mixture of InCls and As(NMe2)s. In addition, InSb nanocrystals can also be obtained by the solvothermal reduction route. 

Other technological aspects of carbon nanotube synthesis currently under scrutiny include study of the growth mechanism [67,71], attempts to control the diameter [72-74], processes which yield very long CNTs [70,75], optimization of the catalyst composition [76], and improvements in purity [77]. A major area of focus is the production of CNTs at selected sites on a substrate (micropatterning) [78-81]. Other synthetic methods investigated have been (i) a solvothermal route, in which reactants are heated in solution in a sealed autoclave [82,83] (ii) a solid-state metathesis process [84] (iii) a hydrothermal process which produces MWNTs from amorphous carbon [85] and (iv) low-temperature processes [59]. 

Sub-critical and supercritical solvothermal routes are known to be very useful in the preparation of nanomaterials, including battery materials [107, 108]. By a careful selection of thermodynamic conditions—temperature, pressure and... 

Zhu et al. [109] proposed an environmentally innocuous method of preparation by using a single-step solvothermal route in ethanol solutions. The procedure leads to simultaneous rGO reduction and iron or cobalt oxide precipitation due to the fact that the GO/rGO layers act as heterogeneous nucleation seeds during the precipitation of the metal oxide nanocrystals. In a related approach, Han et al. [110] were able to obtain Li4Ti50i2 particles anchored to rGO by solvothermal treatment of H2O/ EtOH-based suspensions of graphite oxide and the oxide powder. The process involves reduction of GO and attachment of the mixed oxide nanoparticles within a single step. 

Nickel sulfide nanoparticles synthesized by Guo et al. also showed efficient photocatalytic activity in the degradation of Congo Red under visible-light irradiation. The NiS nanoparticles were by a hydrothermal method. A solution of nickel salt, sodium hydroxide and thioacetamide was sealed in a Teflon lined reactor and heated in an oven for 160 °C for 24 hr. After cooling the product was filtered and washed with water and ethanol. CdS nanowires have been used as ID nanoscale substrates for the growth of NiS nanoparticles by a solution phase method.The step involves the synthesis of the CdS nanowires by a solvothermal route. The as-prepared CdS nanowires and NiCla HaO were dissolved in ethanol and loaded into a Telfon autoclave. 

Solvothermal processes have been also used to synthesize metal nanoparticles other than metal oxide nanoparticles. Palladium nanoparticles of about 1 pm have been synthesized by a solvothermal route, as shown by following reaction ... 

---