Specific dynamic action

Thermic effect of food It has long been observed that eating a meal increases energy expenditure, a phenomenon also known as diet-induced thermogenesis or specific dynamic action. The increase depends on the type and quantity of food consumed. As an example, the effect of a carbohydrate-rich meal on the oxygen consumption of volunteers before and after exercise is shown in Figure 2.5. 

The energy generated by metabolism of the macronutrients is used for three energy-requiring processes that occur in the body resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food (formerly termed specific dynamic action), and physical activity. 

In populations of fish, the flow of assimilated food can be estimated from its utilization in basal metabolism (i.e. maintaining normal functioning of cells without physical activity), active metabolism (locomotion) and specific dynamic action (energy used in digesting and absorbing food). 

Beamish, F.W.H. (1974). Apparent specific dynamic action of largemouth bass. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31,1763-1769. 

Hamada, A. and Maeda, W. (1983). Oxygen uptake due to specific dynamic action of the carp. Japanese Journal of Limnology 44,225-239. 

Jobling, M. and Davies, S.P. (1980). Effects of feeding on metabolic rate and the specific dynamic action in plaice. Journal of Fish Biology 16,629-638. 

Animal and bacterial enzymes that utilize or synthesize carbamyl phosphate have activity with acetyl phosphate. Acyl phosphatase hydrolyzes both substrates, and maybe involved in the specific dynamic action of proteins. Ornithine and aspartic transcarbamylases also synthesize acetylornithine and acetyl aspartate. Finally, bacterial carbamate kinase and animal carbamyl phosphate synthetase utilize acetyl phosphate as well as carbamyl phosphate in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. The synthesis of acetyl phosphate and of formyl phosphate by carbamyl phosphate synthetases is described. The mechanism of carbon dioxide activation by animal carbamyl phosphate synthetase is reviewed on the basis of the findings concerning acetate and formate activation. 

Torres, J. J., Brightman, R. L, Donnelly, J., and Harvey, J. (1996). Energetics of larval red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Part I. Oxygen consumption, specific dynamic action, and nitrogen excretion. Eish Bull. NOAA 94, 756-765. 

Ki0rboe, T., M0hlenberg, F., and Hamburger, K. (1985). Bioenergetics of the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa Relation between feeding, egg production and respiration, and composition of specific dynamic action. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 26, 85—97. 

Thor, P., Cervetto, G., Besiktepe, S., Ribera-Maycas, E., Tang, K. W., and Dam, H. G. (2002). Influence of two different green algal diets on specific dynamic action and incorporation of carbon into biochemical fractions in the copepod Acartia tonsa.J. Plankton Res. 24(4), 293—300. 

Specific dynamic action (SDA) is the elevation in metabolic rate that occurs during digestion and absorption of foods. It is often ignored in calculations because its value is usually unknown and probably small (less than 10% of the total energy). 

In the body, the energy derived from food is released as body heat and also used in the synthesis of ATP. The energy captured in ATP is then transformed into other forms, i.e., chemical (synthesis of new compounds), mechanical (muscle contraction), electrical (nerve activity), electrochemical (various ion pumps), thermal (maintenance of body temperature), and informational (base sequences in nucleic acids, amino acids in proteins). In general, the energy of food provides for the specific dynamic action of food, the maintenance of the body s basal metabolism, and the energy expenditure associated with various types of activity. 

Our DEE includes a component related to the intake of food known as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) or the thermic effect of food (TEE). DIT was formerly called the specific dynamic action (SDA). After the ingestion of food, our metabohc rate increases because energy is required to digest, absorb, distribute, and store nntrients. 

Brown CR (1988) The physiological basis of specific dynamic action The relationship between protein synthesis and oxygen consumption in Ictaluruspunctatus. PhD. Thesis, Univ Texas at Austin, USA Brown CR, Cameron JN (1986) The relationship between specific dynamic action (SDA) and protein synthesis in the channel catfish. Am Zool 26(4) 124A Buckley LJ (1984) RNA-DNA ratio an index of larval fish growth in the sea. Mar Biol 80 291-298... 

Jobling M (1988) A review of the physiological and nutritional energetics of cod, Gadus morhua, L., with particular reference to growth under farmed conditions. Aquaculture 70 1-19 Jobling M, Davies PS (1980) Effects of feeding on metabolic rate, and specific dynamic action in plaice, Pleuronectes platessa. J Fish Biol 16 629-638... 

Love RM (1980) The chemical biology of fishes, Vol. 2. Academic Press, London Lyndon AR, Houlihan DF, Hall SJ (1989) The apparent contribution of protein synthesis to specific dynamic action in cod. Arch Int Physiol Biochem 97 C31 Makrides S (1983) Protein synthesis and degradation during aging and senescence. Biol Rev 58 343-422... 

Ashworth, A. Metabolic rates during recovery from protein-calorie malnutrition the need for a new concept of specific dynamic action. Nature, Lond., 1969b, 223, 407. 

A short-term response which immediately follows the taking of food and lasts for a few hours. Its duration is related to the size and composition of the meal, and on normal diets it accounts for a 5-10% increase in the metabolic rate taken over 24 hours. This corresponds to what was previously known as the specific dynamic action of food and is greater for a diet rich in carbohydrate than for one rich in fat. 

In formulation of diets to meet energy requirements, proteins and carbohydrates are considered to yield 4 cal. per gram, and fats, 9 cal. per gram. The specific dynamic action of foodstuffs must also be considered and is usually calculated as 6 % of the total caloric value of the food over a 24-hr. period.2 ... 

HEAT INCREMENT (SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION OF RECENTLY DIGESTED FOOD NET ENERGY... 

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