Metabolic syndrome prevalence

Park Y-W, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, et al. The metabolic syndrome prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2003 163 427-436. 

Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H. 8c Dietz, W. H. (2002). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US adults findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. JAMA, 287, 356-9. 

Kato, M. M., Currier, M. B., Gomez, C. M. et al. (2004). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients with schizophrenia. Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry, 6, 74-7. 

Azadbakht, L., Mirmiran, P., Esmaillzadeh, A., and Azizi, F. (2005). Dairy consumption is inversely associated with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults. 

Levesque, J. and Lamarche, B. (2008). The metabolic syndrome Definitions, prevalence and management. /. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenomics 1,100-108. 

Excess adiposity, particularly the abdominal obesity associated with increased waist circumference, is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and proinflammatory states. The prevalence of this complex of comorbidities associated with obesity, now referred to as the metabolic syndrome, is reaching epidemic proportions in the United States (Grundy et al., 2004 Roth et al., 2002). Indeed, increased abdominal adiposity is one of a cluster of factors that are used in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Abdominal tissue in the trunk occurs in several compartments, including subcutaneous and intraperitoneal or visceral fat. Visceral fat in particular appears to contribute to perturbed fuel metabolism by at least two mechanisms. First, hormones and free fatty acids released from visceral fat are released into the portal circulation and impact directly on metabolism of the liver. Second, the visceral adipose depot produces a different spectrum of adipocytokines than that produced by subcutaneous fat (Kershaw and Flier, 2004). 

Overweight and resistance to insulin appear to play pivotal roles in the pathophysiological process. The resulting hyperinsulinemia induces a rise in systemic arterial blood pressure and probably also a hyperglyceridemia associated with an unfavorable LDL/HDL quotient. This combination of risk factors lowers life expectancy and calls for therapeutic intervention. The metabolic syndrome has a high prevalence in industrialized countries, up to 20% of adults are believed to suffer from it. 

Various anatomical, physiological and behavioural risk factors for atherosclerosis are known. Many of these are recognised within the metabolic syndrome , a combination of disorders that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Prevalence increases with age, affecting up to 25% of the population in the USA. Risk factors include ... 

Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. JAMA 2002 287 356-9. 

McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr Res 2005 80 19-32. 

Although the data are not conclusive, hyperlipidemia has been associated as a susceptibility factor for CKD in both animal and human studies. The use of lipid-lowering agents in some animal models has been found to decrease the extent of glomerular injury when both underlying renal disease and hyperlipidemia are present. Therefore the correction of lipid abnormalities in patients with CKD was proposed to have a beneficial effect on the rate of progression of the disease. CKD with or without nephrotic syndrome is frequently accompanied by abnormalities in fipoprotem metabolism. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia appears to increase as kidney function declines and with the presence of the nephrotic syndrome. ... 

Despres J-P. Abdominal obesity the most prevalent cause of the metabolic syndrome and related cardiometabolic risk. Eur Heart J. 2006 8(Suppl. B) B4-B12. 

Insawang, T, Sekni, C., Chaon, U. et al. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) intake is associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural Thai population. Nutr. Metab. 2012 9 50-5. 

Chen X, Pang Z, Li K. Dietary fat, sedentary behaviors and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Qingdao adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009,19 27-... 

Consistent results were found in a study carried out in India, in which all consecutive drug-naive patients with a first episode of schizophrenia (n = 99) were recruited into a randomized, double-blind, controlled study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome after 6 months (10% and 18% as assessed by ATPIA and International Diabetes Federation criteria respectively) was five times as high compared with the matched healthy control group [3Hf. Olanzapine had a maximum prevalence of metabolic syndrome at 20—25% (n = 35), followed by risperidone at 9—24% (n = 33) and haloperidol at 0-3% (n = 31). 

Patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia who are treated with second-generation antipsychotic drugs had similar high rates of the metabolic syndrome in a retrospective comparison of different metabolic parameters [33 f. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a matched and randomly selected sample was 43% in bipolar disorder (n = 74) and 46% in schizophrenia (n = 111). 

A review of the literature (1975-2011) on metabolic syndrome reported a prevalence of 14.7-69.3% in non-Euro-American societies [67" ]. Olanzapine was associated with the highest incidence of metabolic syndrome while clozapine was associated with the highest prevalence. 

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is on the rise, in conjunction with rapidly increasing obesity rates (Haffner, 2006). A sample of 1276 multi-ethnic Canadians revealed that the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Canada was 25.8% (Anand et al., 2003). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was highest in Native Americans (42%), followed by South Asians (26%), Europeans (22%) and Chinese (11%). The implications of having the metabolic syndrome are severe as it increases the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke by threefold compared with individuals with normal glucose tolerance (reviewed by Nugent, 2004). 

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