Free fatty acids release

Free fatty acid release during cerebral ischemia is a complex process that includes the activation of signaling cascades 585... 

Free fatty acid release during cerebral ischemia is a complex process that includes the activation of signaling cascades. In addition to cPLA2, these cascades probably involve the simultaneous and/or sequential activation of other phospholipid degradation pathways and the... 

The inoculation with Salmonella was at much higher levels than that occurring under field conditions resulting in an elimination of Salmonellae within 24 hours. This was connected with the amount of free fatty acids released during the ATD process (3, 6). 

Accumulation of cytoplasmic NADH and glycerol 3-P may also contribute to lipid accumulation in alcoholic liver disease. Free fatty acids released from adipose in part enter the liver where P-oxidation is very slow (high NADH). In the presence of high glycerol-3P, fatty acids are inappropriately stored in the liver as triglyceride. 

Lipids can be identified and quantified using thin-layer chromatography (TEC) and gas chromatography (GC) (Galliard, 1968). Extraction of lipids is achieved by homogenizing potato tubers with isopropanol in a blender, followed by a series of filtrations and extractions with chloroform-methanol (2 1). Chloroform is removed by rotary evaporation and the residue is redissolved in benzene-ethanol (4 1). This extract is passed through a DEAE-cellulose column, and the fractions collected are subjected to TEC on 250 p,m layers of silica gel G, using three solvent systems. Fatty acid methyl esters for GC analysis are prepared by transmethylation of the parent lipids, or by diazomethane treatment of the free fatty acids released by acid... 

Free fatty acids released by lipolysis of milk fat greatly depress the surface tension of milk. In fact, surface tension has been used to some extent as an objective index of the development of hydrolytic rancidity (Dunkley 1951 Herrington 1954 Hetrick and Tracy 1948 Tarassuk and Smith 1940). Its value for this purpose is somewhat limited by... 

Excess adiposity, particularly the abdominal obesity associated with increased waist circumference, is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and proinflammatory states. The prevalence of this complex of comorbidities associated with obesity, now referred to as the metabolic syndrome, is reaching epidemic proportions in the United States (Grundy et al., 2004 Roth et al., 2002). Indeed, increased abdominal adiposity is one of a cluster of factors that are used in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Abdominal tissue in the trunk occurs in several compartments, including subcutaneous and intraperitoneal or visceral fat. Visceral fat in particular appears to contribute to perturbed fuel metabolism by at least two mechanisms. First, hormones and free fatty acids released from visceral fat are released into the portal circulation and impact directly on metabolism of the liver. Second, the visceral adipose depot produces a different spectrum of adipocytokines than that produced by subcutaneous fat (Kershaw and Flier, 2004). 

Table 10-5 Free Fatty Acids Released from Milkfat by Several Lipolytic Enzymes...

Nicotinic acid. This reduces the plasma levels of both VLDLs and LDLs by inhibiting hepatic VLDL secretion, as well as suppressing the flux of free-fatty-acid release from adipose tissue by inhibiting lipolysis. Because of its ability to cause large reductions in circulating levels of cholesterol, nicotinic acid is used to treat Type 11, HI, IV and V hyperlipopro-teinaemias. 

Mediators secondary to free fatty acid release... 

The activity of the lipase has also been assayed with the ultramicro method of Novak [171] to determine net free fatty acid release from endogenous substrate [172]. Incubation of rat adipose tissue homogenate was carried out in 40 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, in the presence of 30 mM EDTA and 2% bovine serum albumin. 

It was found that the simple Vw complex with A,A -ethylenediaminediacetate (EDDA) had insulin-enhancing properties. 05 The corresponding complex with A,A -ethylene bis(5)-methionine was found to have a lesser effect with regard to inhibition of the free fatty acid release from diabetic rat adipocytes.605 The kinetics of the oxidation of YIV complexes in solution with... 

Tab. 10.1 Maximum specific activities of HGL, DGL, HPL and pancreatic extracts (Creon ) on various triglycerides. Specific activities are expressed in international units (1 LJ = lpmol of free fatty acid released per minute) per mg of pure enzyme, except for Creon for which specific activities are expressed in U per mg of pancreatic extract (PE). One Creon 25000 capsule contains 500 mg pancreatic extract and 25000 lipase units measured using olive oil-gum arabic as substrate. This lipolytic activity corresponds to around 8-9 mg of active pancreatic lipase in one capsule of Creon 25000 .

V. Harmelen, S. Reynisdottir, K, Cianflone, E. Degerman, J. Hoffstedt, K. Nilsell, A.D. Sniderman, and P. Arner, Mechanisms involved in the regulation of free fatty acid release from iso-... 

In the case of lipolysis, there appears to be a direct correlation between the levels of cyclic AMP achieved and the amount of free fatty acid released, which also strongly implicates the cyclic nucleotide as a hormone mediator in this system as well. Coupled with this fact, it must be recalled that cyclic AMP mimics the effect of epinephrine in liver slices and causes hyperglycemia in various intact animals including humans. ... 

Various situations yield to induction of fatty acid catabolism in the liver such as birth which corresponds to a transition in energy source from a carbohydrate-rich to a lipid-rich regimen fasting, which is associated with free fatty acid release in the blood due to lipolysis of the adipose tissue as well as exposure to various xenobiotics. Several biochemical mechanisms exist to rapidly control the activity of the different enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation. However, the transcriptional regulation of the expression of these enzymes is an additional level of control necessary for long-term maintenance of the organism energy balance. 

Increased visceral fat accumulation is a strong predictor of arterial hypertension. Moreover, the hypothesis that an increase of blood pressure increases also the hepatic portal venous free fatty acid release was explored, which may explain the relation between hypertension and obesity [80]. 

VP [bis(pyrrolidine-JV-carbodithioato)oxovanadium(iv)] was initially tested as an in vitro insulin mimetic by inhibition of free fatty acid release from rat adipocytes. It was administered orally to STZ diabetic rats at an initial dose (for 2 days) of 0.2 mmol kg day" to achieve normoglycemia, followed by a maintenance dose of 0.1 mmol kg day Intraperitoneal administration of... 

Medina, I., Sacchi, R., and Aubourg, S., 1994, nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of free fatty acids release after fish thermal processing, JAOCS, 71, 479. 

VI. Effects of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine A. Free Fatty Acid Release... 

Rashef and Shapiro (1960) reported that pretreatment of adrenalecto-mizc d rats with either epinephrine or eortisone inereased the depressed rate of free fatty acid release by their mesenteric adipose tissue in vitro however, maximal effects were, obtained only when both were given. It was further pointed out that epinephrine alone was highly effective in restorii the depressed rate of free fatty acid release by tissue from adrenal demedul-lated rats. Reshef and Shapiro (1960) also observed that pretreatment of starved intact rats with cortisone had little effect on the release of free fatty acid by mesenteric adipose tissue. Such treatment, however, inereased and prolonged the response of tissue removed from rats injected with epinephrine (sec Section VI, A). These results may reflect in part the effects of glucocorticoid administration on the adipose tissue stores of the intact animal, but the interesting relation between the effects of epinephrine and adrenocortical steroids on the release of free fatty acids deserves further study. 

Debons and Schwartz (1959, 1961) have observed that the release in vitro of free fatty acid by adipose tissue from rats rendered hypothyroid by propylthiouracil is less than that from normal animals, whereas the release of free fatty acid by epididymal adipose tissue from animals rendered hyperthyroid by the administration of triiodothyronine or thyroxine is greater than that from euthyroid rats (Debons and Schwartz, 1959, 1961 Hagen, 1960). The addition of triiodothyronine to the incubation medium had no effect on the rate of free fatty acid release by adipose tissue from euthyroid rats (Debons and Schwartz, 1959, 1961). The release of free fatty acids by adipose tissue from hyperthyroid rats is markedly reduced by the addition of insulin (Hagen, 1960). 

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