Percentage of individuals with

In addition, the FASEB report stated that a small percentage of individuals with severe, poorly controlled asthma may be prone to MSG symptom complex and suffer temporary bronchospasm or other symptoms for 6-12 hours after consuming MSG in doses of 0.5-2.5 grams. However, Woessner et al. (1999) found no evidence that MSG could induce asthma attacks in asthmatic subjects and advised maintaining a healthy skepticism about the existence of MSG sensitivity in asthma patients. In a similar vein, Stevenson (2000) criticized previous studies which suggested that MSG could induce asthma, pointing out that asthmatic patients who were challenged with MSG failed to experience symptoms. 

Percentage of individuals with disease, tumors, fin damage, and skeletal anomalies... 

Assume that frequencies for the different blood group alleles are as follows A= 0.3 B = 0.1 O = 0.6. What is the expected percentage of individuals with blood type B ... 

The very painful inflammations associated with gouty arthritis are induced by the deposition of needle-shaped sodium hydrogenurate monohydrate crystals in synovial fluids around joints [56]. The solubility of sodium hydrogenurate monohydrate is strongly pH dependant and is lowest at physiological pH [37]. It has been observed that only a small percentage of individuals with hyperuricaemic body fluids (which are supersaturated... 

G — galactosemics, H = heterozygotes, N = normal controls. The area under a given portion of each curve (product of abscissa and ordinate values) gives the percentage of individuals in the group with enzymatic activity between the limits chosen. By method (b) 69%, and by method (d) 44%, of galactosemics have no detectable enzymatic activity. Data from (A2, D7, H10, H12, K10, S12). 

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) refer to nutrient intake values estimated to be adequate for 50% of age- and gender-specific groups. As seen in the table below, DRIs are comprised of RDAs in bold type and Adequate Intakes (Als) in ordinary type followed by asterisk ( ). These values may be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are estimated to meet the needs of most individuals (97% to 98%). For healthy breast-fed infants, the Al represents mean intake. For all other life-stage groups, the Al is believed to cover the needs of all individuals, but a lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent specifying with confidence with percentage of individuals covered by this intake. 

Ca requirements in the United States are currently set as AIs. The recommended AI for Ca is an approximated value estimated to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the age group based on experimental or observational data that show a mean intake which appears to sustain a desired indicator of health (e.g., desirable Ca retention) however, lack of sufficient evidence precludes specifying with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake (Standing Committee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine, 1997). 

Figure 5.9. Dose-response profile in a population. (A) Relationship between responding patients, expressed as percentage of individuals, and plasma drug concentrations. With increasing drug concentration, the proportion of patients who derive therapeutic benefit, without concentration-limited side effect peaks, and then declines. (B) A schematic representation of dose-response curves. Typical therapeutic and lethal responses at indicated doses are evaluated in animal models to estimate therapeutic index, TI. ED50, effective dose needed to produce a therapeutic response in 50% of animals, exhibiting therapeutic response LD50, effective dose needed to produce lethal effects in 50% of animals.

Adequate intake is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group lack of data prevent the ability to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. 

Correlations have also been found between the percentages of individual impurity oxides in the alite and in the clinker. In the following discussion, we shall use symbols of the type and to denote these quantities, where O is the cement chemical symbol for the oxide and the suffixes a and c indicate alite and clinker, respectively. For MgO, Kristmann s (Kl) data indicate the approximate relations = 0.67 x for < 3.0 and 2.0 for > 3.0. Yamaguchi and Takagi (Yl) and Terrier (T2) found similar correlations, but with slopes of 0.74 and 0.45, respectively. For AI2O3, Kristmann (Kl) did not find any significant correlation, but for FejO, his data indicate the approximate relation = 0.33 x for F <4%. Boikova (B4) reported ratios of 0.34 to 0.82 for MJM., 0.09 to 0.23 for AJA and 0.17 to 0.36 for F3/F,. 

F With the large percentage of individuals presenting for treatment who abuse more than... 

PSA has been found to correlate with clinical stages of prostate cancer. Higher PSA levels and higher percentages of patients with elevated PSA concentrations are associated with advanced stages. However, PSA testing is not sufficiently reliable to determine stages on an individual basis. 

Although blood ChE data are lacking in some reports, overall the studies indicate a standard dose-effect relation there are increased percentages of individuals affected, and the number, intensity, and duration of behavioral effects are proportional to the magnitude of blood ChE inhibition. In the Grob and Harvey (1958) study, behavioral symptoms of exposure began usually coincident with the depression of red... 

Estimation is the use of the sample data to make inferences about the population that the sample represents . With qualitative data, we would usually be interested in estimating the proportion or percentage of individuals in the population having some outcome or characteristic with ordinal data we would probably wish to estimate the population median, and with quantitative data the population mean. Although percentages, medians and means are most often of interest, it is possible to use any sample statistic to estimate the corresponding population value thus in Sections 7.3.1.3.3 and 7.3.1.3.4 we were interested in whether a sample gl or g2 was consistent with ffie true or population values being zero. 

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