Mercury calculation

Direct measurements were made by Lussana, who drove the heated liquid under pressure by a pump into a calorimeter, or heated electrically the liquid under pressure. He found the effect of pressure small, and observed both increase and decrease of specific heat with increase of pressure (values for mercury calculated by Bridgman are included in the last three columns) ... 

A centimeter cube of a sandstone is placed in an air-fiUed ve el whose volume is 10.00 cm . The pressure is 750 mm of mercury. The vessel is seale d and a stopcock turned so that the air can expand into a second evacuated vessel whose volume is also 10.00 cm . The final ptessore in the two vessels is 361.4 mm of mercury. Calculate the porosity of the sandstone. 

Phenylmercuric acetate is used as an alternative antimicrobial preservative to phenylmercuric borate or phenylmercuric nitrate in cosmetics (in concentrations not exceeeding 0.0065% of mercury calculated as the metal) and pharmaceuticals. It may be used in preference to phenylmercuric nitrate owing to its greater solubility. 

FDA Cosmetics-use of mercury compounds eye area cosmetics (mercury calculated as the metal) Yes < 65 ppm 21 CFR 700.13 FDA 1974... 

For mercury, calculation gives 573 (instead of 555) the discrepancy shown by the latter substance is explained in Ratnowsky s table by the fact that fiv has been taken as 61 instead of 96. The regularities discovered by Ratnowsky thus give us a further acceptable verification of these measurements. 

A certain thermometer contains 0.500 mL of mercury. Calculate the mass, in grams, of the mercury in the thermometer. The density of mercury is... 

Prepare a spreadsheet for Figure 9.2, log Kj vs. pH for the EDTA chelates of calcium, lead, and mercury. This will require calculating for EDTA and the Kf values for the chelates of calcium, lead, and mercury. Calculate at 0.5 pH intervals. Compare your plot with Figure 9.2. 

Because a manometer is a device for measuringj pressure differences, to use one to measure absolute pressure we must measure the difference between the pressure in question and a perfect vacuum. In principle this is impossible, because there is no such thing as a perfect vacuum,[but in practice we may produce vacuums of sufficient quality that the error introduced by calling them perfect is negligible. This idea is used in the mercury barometer shown in Fig. 2.16. This common device is found in most laboratories for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. The pressure of the atmosphere acts on the mercury in the cup at the bottom and is opposed by the weight of the column of mercury. Calculating this, we find... 

Figure 3 Mean annual mass movements of mercury calculated for Big Dam West Lake (Kejimkujik Park, Nova Scotia, Canada). Adapted from Ref. [86] with permission of SETAC Press.

A weather reporter on TV reports the barometer pressure as 28.6 inches of mercury. Calculate this pressure in the following units ... 

Table 4 DFT results for lattice structure of solid mercury. Calculated lattice parameters are in A and cohesive energies are in eV. [We use negative values throughout as not all our calculated values (e.g., in Hartree-Fock) are binding.]... 

Mercury (calculated as elemental mercury) is limited to not more than 1 part per million in most certifiable colour additives listed in the CFR. Anew method was developed that uses microwave digestion of the sample prior to the determination of mercury in colour additives by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (Hepp et al, 2001). That method was later modified and extended to the determination of mercury in the recently approved colour additive D C Black No. 2 (Cl 77266) (Hepp, 2006), listed in 21 CFR Part 74 in 2005. It should be noted that this method of mercury determination cannot be applied to colour additives that contain iodine, such as FD C Red No. 3 (Cl 45430), D C Orange No. 10 (Cl 45425 1) and D C Orange No. 11 (Cl 45425), because digestion produces iodine, which penetrates Teflon tubing and subsequently binds mercury (Hepp et al, 2001). 

In Fig. III-7 we show a molecular dynamics computation for the density profile and pressure difference P - p across the interface of an argonlike system [66] (see also Refs. 67, 68 and citations therein). Similar calculations have been made of 5 in Eq. III-20 [69, 70]. Monte Carlo calculations of the density profile of the vapor-liquid interface of magnesium how stratification penetrating about three atomic diameters into the liquid [71]. Experimental measurement of the transverse structure of the vapor-liquid interface of mercury and gallium showed structures that were indistinguishable from that of the bulk fluids [72, 73]. 

Smith [113] studied the adsorption of n-pentane on mercury, determining both the surface tension change and the ellipsometric film thickness as a function of the equilibrium pentane pressure. F could then be calculated from the Gibbs equation in the form of Eq. ni-106, and from t. The agreement was excellent. Ellipsometry has also been used to determine the surface compositions of solutions [114,115], as well polymer adsorption at the solution-air interface [116]. 

Fig. Ill-13. (a) Plots of molecular density versus distance normal to the interface a is molecular diameter. Upper plot a dielectric liquid. Lower plot as calculated for liquid mercury. (From Ref. 122.) (b) Equilibrium density profiles for atoms A and B in a rare-gas-like mixmre for which o,bb/ o,aa = 0.4 and q,ab is given by Eq. III-56. Atoms A and B have the same a (of Eq. m-46) and the same molecular weight of SO g/mol the solution mole fraction is jcb = 0.047. Note the strong adsorption of B at the interface. [Reprinted with permission from D. J. Lee, M. M. Telo de Gama, and K. E. Gubbins, J. Phys. Chem., 89, 1514 (1985) (Ref. 88). Copyright 1985, American Chemical Society.]...

Using Langmuir s principle of independent surface action, make qualitative calculations and decide whether the polar or the nonpolar end of ethanol should be oriented toward the mercury phase at the ethanol-mercury interface. 

Some data obtained by Nicholas et al. [150] are given in Table III-3, for the surface tension of mercury at 25°C in contact with various pressures of water vapor. Calculate the adsorption isotherm for water on mercury, and plot it as F versus P. 

Because of the large surface tension of liquid mercury, extremely large supersaturation ratios are needed for nucleation to occur at a measurable rate. Calculate rc and ric at 400 K assuming that the critical supersaturation is x = 40,000. Take the surface tension of mercury to be 486.5 ergs/cm. ... 

As a follow-up to Problem 2, the observed nucleation rate for mercury vapor at 400 K is 1000-fold less than predicted by Eq. IX-9. The effect may be attributed to a lowered surface tension of the critical nuclei involved. Calculate this surface tension. 

Using appropriate data from Table II-9, calculate the water-mercury interfacial tension using the simple Girifalco and Good equation and then using Fowkes modification of it. 

The comparatively inexpensive long-scale thermometer, widely used by students, is usually calibrated for complete immersion of the mercury column in the vapour or liquid. As generally employed for boiling point or melting point determinations, the entire column is neither surrounded by the vapour nor completely immersed in the liquid. The part of the mercury column exposed to the cooler air of the laboratory is obviously not expanded as much as the bulk of the mercury and hence the reading will be lower than the true temperature. The error thus introduced is not appreciable up to about 100°, but it may amount to 3-5° at 200° and 6-10° at 250°. The error due to the column of mercury exposed above the heating bath can be corrected by adding a stem correction, calculated by the formula ... 

Effect of the value of the contact angle 6 of mercury on the calculated value of pore radius at different values of applied pressure P... 

Fig. 3J3 Calculation of pore size distribution in ink-bottle" pores, from mercury intrusion-extrusion experiment." (After Reverberi. )...

One other cause of hysteresis remains to be mentioned. As was pointed out earlier (p. 177) the contact angle may be different as the mercury is advancing over or receding from a solid surface, and it depends also on the chemical and physical state of the surface the mercury may even react with the surface layer of the solid to form an amalgam. A change in 9 of only a few degrees has a significant effect on the calculated value of pore radius (cf. Table 3.15). 

The volume expansion, PT, of mercury may be calculated over its entire Hquid range by... 

The mercurous sulfate [7783-36-OJ, Hg2S04, mercury reference electrode, (Pt)H2 H2S04(y ) Hg2S04(Hg), is used to accurately measure the half-ceU potentials of the lead—acid battery. The standard potential of the mercury reference electrode is 0.6125 V (14). The potentials of the lead dioxide, lead sulfate, and mercurous sulfate, mercury electrodes versus a hydrogen electrode have been measured (24,25). These data may be used to calculate accurate half-ceU potentials for the lead dioxide, lead sulfate positive electrode from temperatures of 0 to 55°C and acid concentrations of from 0.1 to Sm. 

---