Mental elements

Many sounds (street noise, small talk at a party) are assimilated through a process of hearing. This is primarily a physical phenomenon, with only a small mental element and virtually no emotional component. 

The Geneva Conventions must be contrasted with the vaguer provisions in Article 28 of The Hague Convention. This gives rise to a number of problems of interpretation. What offences are covered by Article 28 Under what conditions can the offences be committed, in particular what mens rea (mental element) is required (i.e. does the offence have to be committed wilfully or wantonly ) On what basis would Contracting Parties exercise jurisdiction over the offences Nor is it clear in what circumstances it would be appropriate to impose a disciplinary sanction as opposed to a penal sanction. 

The core reached criticality with 20 driver element it was subsequently loaded to 25 driver elements, then to 31, and finally to the configuration includii i the velop-mental elements. At each configuration, rod calibrations were performed and excess k determined. Some necessarily limited flux distributions were measured using gold wire attached axially to six or more representative fuel elements. The excess reactivities at 300 F measured with each core configuration are given in Table 1. 

The basic assumption in criminal liability is that there is both a mental element and a physical element to the offense. It should be noted that various offenses in relation to, for example, traffic law or environmental law have been so stmctured that the mental element is in fact not required for a conviction. In this category are also classified offenses in violation of building law. These offenses are not characterized as crimes but rather as misdemeanors and are basically related to negligence. ... 

The concept that all substances are composed of elements and atoms goes back at least 2000 years. Originally, only four elements were recognized air, earth, fire, and water. Each substance was thought to consist of very small particles, called atoms, that could not be subdivided any further. This early mental concept of the nature of matter was extremely prescient, considering there were no experimental results to indicate that matter should be so and none to verify that it was so. Modern atomic theory is much more rigorously based, and we even have the ability to see atoms with special tunneling microscopes. All of chemistry is based on how atoms react with each other. 

Laurion, U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,443, discloses an oma-mental wheel element which is designed to fit between the spokes, inside a wheel. Strazis, U.S. Pat. No. 4,682,821, discloses a semi-rigid, tension attached bicycle wheel cover assembly intended to improve the aero-dynamic efficiency of bicycle wheels. Monte, U.S. Pat. 

From the traditional HF/E perspective, error is seen as a consequence of a mismatch between the demands of a task and the physical and mental capabilities of an individual or an operating team. An extended version of this perspective was described in Chapter 1, Section 1.7. The basic approach of HF/E is to reduce the likelihood of error by the application of design principles and standards to match human capabilities and task demands. These encompass the physical environment (e.g., heat, lighting, vibration), and the design of the workplace together with display and control elements of the human-machine interface. Examples of the approach are given in Wilson and Corlett (1990) and Salvendy (1987). 

One of the important elements of the Model of Modelling framework is the consideration of the snbject s previous ideas as one of the experiences needed to support the proposition of the mental model. In this teaching situation, students previous ideas, mainly those related to the kinetic particle model, were essential to the inclusion of fundamental attributes in their models (e.g., the dynamicity of the chemical transformation). 

Further detailed analyses of the ECA data have been extrapolated to USA national costs (Rice and Miller, 1998). It was calculated that the economic costs of mental disorders in 1990 in the USA totalled US 147.8 billion. Anxiety disorders were the most cosdy, amounting to 46.6 billion, just under a third of the total. Direct costs spent on mental health care totalled 67 billion, of which anxiety disorders accounted for only 11 billion (16.5%). Drug costs were 2191 million, of which anxiety disorders accounted for 1167 million—over half Morbidity costs—the value of goods and services not produced because of mental disorders — amounted to 63.1 billion, with anxiety disorders accounting for 34.2 billion, 54.2% of the total. This reflects the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in the community and the high associated rate of lost productivity. In contrast, patients with affective disorders appeared better able to function (Rice and Miller, 1995). In summary, anxiety disorders are common, disruptive and costly to society drug treatment is a substantial element of treatment costs (11%) compared with, say, schizophrenia (2.2%). 

Considerations of cultural aspects can offer an alternative framework in which various aspects that may influence the effects of treatment can be identified. With regard to how the patient responds to therapy, some of the arguments used to justify the lack of efficacy of certain treatments for mental disorders have included the elements such as the patient s dissatisfaction, unequal access to medical care or the high costs of such treatments (Wight, Botticello Aneshensel, 2006 Aneshensel Phelan, 1999). However, in order to understand this lack of efficacy it is necessary to take into account explanations that derive from, for example, anthropological and transcultural research. 

When an Alchemist Speaks of Mercury, Sulphur and Salt, He Speaks of His Spiritual, Astral and Physical Bodies, Not of the Elements. Alchemy Unveiled Describes the Tribulations That a Human Being Has to Pass Through in Order to Purify These Three Bodies. However, to Achieve the Level of an Alchemist Requires Daily Study and Strict Daily Mental, Astral and Physical Exercises for Many Lifetimes. Alchemy Unveiled Will Lead the Reader on a Journey of a Complete Purification of the Body, Soul and Spirit, and for the First Time the Mystery of the Philosopher s Stone Is Openly Explained... 

McCaffrey, Anne, ed.Alchemy academe a collection of original stories concerning themselves with transmutations, mental and elemental, alchemical and academic compiled by Anne McCaffrey. Garden City (NY) Doubleday, 1970. xviii, 239 P-... 

Definitions of mental illness tend to contain two aspects a normative element and a functional element. Normative definitions delimit abnormal behavior in light of what is typical, usual, or the norm. Some degree of deviance from the norm is necessary for a behavior to be considered abnormal. Deviance alone, however, is never sufficient for a label of abnormality. High IQ is just as deviant as low IQ, but only mental retardation is labeled abnormal. This leads us to the functional element of the definition. Typically, the label of abnormality requires deviance plus maladaptation. Maladaptation suggests some diminished capacity to function relative to an average. For example, the DSM defines mental disorder as a syndrome that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, pp- xxi-xxii). 

It is by the thought-building quality of consciousness that humans formulate and perceive their own unique world. Each perception of the universe is ultimately subjective. Although consensual reality is a strong determinant, there is also an element of mass hysteria in our reactions to experience, as well as an element of mass hypnosis in our perceptions. We, and the worlds we construct, are the stuff of dreams, as Shakespeare put it. We mold this stuff of dreams using our mental... 

The old Qabalists called a thought-created form that was built specifically as a vehicle for consciousness a Golem. Such a mental construction is not the same as the more usual magical thought-forms, which are ensouled with artificial or elemental intelligences. In a golem, we are dealing exclusively with the exteriorized subtle vehicle of the practitioner, which, at the conclusion of a session, is then re-absorbed back into a condition of subconscious latency. 

The operational approach to the definition of fundamental concepts in science has been emphasized by Mach, Poincare, and Einstein and has been expressed in a very clear form by Bridgman [2]. (Operational definitions had been used implicitly much earlier than the twentieth century. Boyle, for example, defined a chemical element in terms of the experiments by which it might be recognized, in order to avoid the futile discussions of his predecessors, who identified elements with qualities or properties.) In this approach, a concept is defined in terms of a set of experimental or mental operations used to measure or to recognize the quantity The concept is synonymous with the corresponding set of operations (Bridgman). An operational definition frequently may fail to satisfy us that we know what the concept really is. The question of scientific reality has been explored by many scientists and philosophers and is one that every student should examine. However, in the operational approach, we are not concerned with whether our definition has told us what the concept really is what we need to know is how to measure it. The operational approach has been stated succinctly by Poincare in the course of a discussion of the concept of force ... 

Although a poison in high concentrations, iodine is required as a trace element in our diets to prevent thyroid problems and mental retardation in the very young. 

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