Dynamic efficiency

Laurion, U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,443, discloses an oma-mental wheel element which is designed to fit between the spokes, inside a wheel. Strazis, U.S. Pat. No. 4,682,821, discloses a semi-rigid, tension attached bicycle wheel cover assembly intended to improve the aero-dynamic efficiency of bicycle wheels. Monte, U.S. Pat. 

We derive the concept of the dynamic efficiency of the air curtain, E, which is equivalent to the ratio between aerostatic pressure forces affecting the gate aperture and the doubled initial impulse of the air curtain jets ... 

Fundamentally, patents involve a trade-off between rewarding innovation and market power. Patent protection balances limit monopoly power (a static inefficiency) against the incentive to create and share new research (a dynamic efficiency). This balance also reflects the inherent tension between two public policy objectives safe, affordable access to a variety of cutting-edge drugs and continued pharmaceutical innovation through investment in R D. While the existing patent system provides for limited monopoly power to reward innovation, it concurrently restricts access to medicines. 

Dynamic efficiency is a measure of a firm s ability to respond to changing market demands by producing more and better products and finding ways of... 

In a liberalized regime, an important consideration is how to finance innovation and technological change in order to secure an efficient diffusion of new technology and in order to increase dynamic efficiency. One solution to the problem, adopted in the Norwegian context, is a requirement that shippers shall pay a fixed percentage of the tariff to help cover for research and development costs. 

Further, and as a result of the nature of this industry, dynamic efficiency is basically a long-term related question due to several reasons. The sunk costs obviously limits the possibilities for introducing new technology into old systems. If new technology is introduced the old must be phased out. It may thus be more cost effective to operate and utilize the old technology. Further, new investments are throughput driven. No new investments are done if no... 

Pure hydrogen gas at room pressure and temperature is adiabatically combusted with air. The combustion takes place with an amount of air that is 30% in excess of what is stoichiometrically required. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature of the process, the work lost, and the thermo-dynamic efficiency of the process. Assume air to consist of a mixture of 79 mol% of N2 and 21 mol% of 02. 

A framework was devised for policy-makers to assess direct bilateral cap-and-trade linkages. A systematic analysis of the economic, political and regulatory implications indicates potential benefits along with a number of potentially negative side-effects. Theoretically, economic benefits are expected from quasi-static short-term and dynamic efficiency gains. 

As a positive economic effect, linking can be expected to help climate policy to consolidate its status as irreversible in both regions, spur additional R D, and thus improve the dynamic efficiency of climate policy. However, specific numbers are - again - elusive. As the final aspect on the economic side, the benefits from increased market liquidity do not loom large in view of each system s large individual size. 

Dynamic efficiency gains Enhanced credibility of commitment Regions may expand emission caps to increase permit sales Exposure to other regions market shocks... 

The book shows how intense has been in recent years the work for designing parallel and vector algorithms. Accurate electronic structure of reactive systems as well as exact and high level approximate three-dimensional calculations of the reactive dynamics, efficient directive and declaratory software for modeling complex systems. In turn, new and more complex problems have been posed by these advances. Some of them are concerned with the definition of the computer architecture better suited for chemical calculations. Others are concerned with balancing within the application vector and parallel structures. 

Developments in DSSCs depend on our understanding and control of the fundamental kinetic and thermochemical nanoscale phenomena that govern the conversion of photon energy into electron energy , namely on the interfacial electron transfer and charge transport dynamics. Efficient dye-sensitised solar cells depend on the fine-tuning of the energies of the states implicated and of the rates of the processes involved. 

Reaction (Ot as oxidizing agent) Phosphorylation Quotient (assumed) Whole Reaction (Kcal.) Average per 0 Atom (Kcal.) Thermo- dynamic Efficiency (%)... 

However, with respect to chemical processes historical investigations showed that large firms predominated both invention and innovation (Freeman and Soete, 1997, pp. 85-136 and 227-241 Symeonidis, 1996, p. 38) which indicates a trade-off between static and dynamic efficiency. 

J. M. Oathout, Determiningthe Dynamic Efficiency with which Wiping Materials Remove Liquids from Surface, International Non-wovens Journal, Vol. 9,... 

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