Membranes, history

Zhang, J., Padmasiri, S. I., Fitch, M., Norddahl, B., Raskin, L., Morgenroth, E. (2007). Influence of cleaning frequency and membrane history on fouling in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 207, 153—166. 

Despite a long history, it was not until 150 years later that gas separations using polymer membranes became a reality in the gas separation industry. Until the 1970s, the dense polymer membranes available were too thick to obtain the high permeation flux required for practical applications. The development of the Loeb-Sourirajan process for making defect-free, high-flux, ultrathin asymmetric membranes for RO was a milestone in membrane history (Loeb and Sourirajan, 1963). Since that time, many polymer membranes based upon asymmetric membranes and their modules have been developed and evaluated in pilot-scale for MF, UF, and RO applications (Baker, 2000). 

A crystalline or semicrystalline state in polymers can be induced by thermal changes from a melt or from a glass, by strain, by organic vapors, or by Hquid solvents (40). Polymer crystallization can also be induced by compressed (or supercritical) gases, such as CO2 (41). The plasticization of a polymer by CO2 can increase the polymer segmental motions so that crystallization is kinetically possible. Because the amount of gas (or fluid) sorbed into the polymer is a dkect function of the pressure, the rate and extent of crystallization may be controUed by controlling the supercritical fluid pressure. As a result of this abiHty to induce crystallization, a history effect may be introduced into polymers. This can be an important consideration for polymer processing and gas permeation membranes. 

Lead, because of its history as an air emission, has been fairly mobile and is particularly soluble in acid environments. Silver is used widely in the electronics industry. Intake of silver compounds can result in permanent discoloration of the skin and may result in damage to kidneys, lungs, mucous membranes, and other organs. 

Brief Examples Microfiltration is the oldest and largest membrane field. It was important economically when other disciphnes were struggling for acceptance, yet because of its incredible diversity and lack oT large apphcations, it is the most difficult to categorize. Nonetheless, it has had greater membrane sales than all other membrane apphcations combined throughout most of its history. The early success of microfiltration was hnked to an ability to separate microorganisms from water, both as a way to detect their presence, and as a means to remove them. Both of these apphcations remain important. 

Pervaporation Membranes Pervaporation has a long history, and many materials have found use in pervaporation experiments. Cellulosic-based materials have given way to polyvinyl alcohol and blends of polyvinyl alcohol and acrylics in commercial water-removing membranes. These membranes are typically solution cast (from... 

The history of the development of the bilayer membrane model is fascinating, and spans at least 300 years, beginning with studies of soap bubbles and oil layers on water [517-519]. 

The history of glucose enzyme electrodes starts with the first device developed in 1962 by Clark and Lyons from the Children Hospital in Cincinnati [3], Their first device relied on a thin layer of GOx entrapped over an oxygen electrode (via a semipermeable dialysis membrane), and monitoring the oxygen consumed by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction ... 

The history of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) [1] starts from the discovery of the pH response of thin film glass membranes by Cremer in 1906, thus making ISEs the oldest class of chemical sensors. They still are superior over other sensor types in a variety... 

The family of eukaryotic Ras-like small GTPases may be divided into subfamilies, namely those of ARF, Rab, Ran, Ras, Rho, and Sar (ARF, RAB, RHO, RAS, RHO, SAR), which all contain representatives from fungi, plants, and metazoa. Consequently, these subfamilies and their cellular functions are likely to have emerged early in eukaryotic history. This implies that the last common ancestor of fungi, plants, and metazoa possessed vesicular transport (ARF and Sar), membrane trafficking (Rab), nuclear transport (Ran), signal transduction (Ras), and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton (Rho) functions. 

The use of artificial membranes to investigate passive permeation processes has a long history, going back more than 40 years [68], The parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA) is an application of the filter-supported lipid membrane system [149] and was first introduced by Kansy and... 

This is the first book to offer a practical overview of zeolites and their commercial applications. Each chapter is written by a globally recognized and acclaimed leader in the field. The book is organized into three parts. The first part discusses the history and chemistry of zeolites, the second part focuses on separation processes and the third part explores zeolites in the field of catalysis. AH three parts are tied together by their focus on the unique properties of zeolites that allow them to function in different capabilities as an adsorbent, a membrane and a catalyst. Each of the chapters also discusses the impact of zeolites within the industry. 

Up until more recent history, most of the separators and membranes historically used had not been specifically developed for battery applications. Thus, future research should be aimed at developing separators that are specifically tailored for battery applications. The general objectives of separator research should be as follows (a) to find new and cost-effective separators, (b) to understand the separator properties in batteries, and (c) to optimize separator properties related to specific cell performance, life. 

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