Membrane sewage treatment

Membrane sewage treatment system was one of the earliest commercial applications of membrane bioreaetors for wastewater treatment in North America in late 1960 s and later its application was extended to industrial wastewater treatment processes [18], One of the commercial breakthroughs for membrane reactor technology is Russian vitamin K technology. Membranes are frequently employed in eombination with a bioreactor, for instance an enzymatic pharmaceutical process [1]. Table 1.2 illustrates how specific properties of membranes are useful in membrane reactors in improving the overall process performance [19],... 

Membrane-retained components are collectively called concentrate or retentate. Materials permeating the membrane are called filtrate, ultrafiltrate, or permeate. It is the objective of ultrafiltration to recover or concentrate particular species in the retentate (eg, latex concentration, pigment recovery, protein recovery from cheese and casein wheys, and concentration of proteins for biopharmaceuticals) or to produce a purified permeate (eg, sewage treatment, production of sterile water or antibiotics, etc). Diafiltration is a specific ultrafiltration process in which the retentate is further purified or the permeable sohds are extracted further by the addition of water or, in the case of proteins, buffer to the retentate. 

Sutherland, K. (2007) The membrane bioreactor in sewage treatment. Filtration... 

Judd S. A review of fouhng of membrane hioreactors in sewage treatment. Water Sci Technol. 2004 49(2) 229-35. 

K. Takeuchi, O. Futamura, and R. Kojima, Integrated Type Membrane Separation Activated Sludge Process for Small Scale Sewage Treatment Plants. Ebara Infilco Ltd., Tokyo, 1990. 

In sewage treatment membranes are used to concentrate the sewage sludge (dewatering), so that the amount of solid deposits, which has to be treated as special solid waste is reduced drastically. Therefore, the costs for disposal are niinimized and environmental pollution is reduced for two reasmis. Firstly, the demand for the disposal area is reduced and secondly, energy for the refuse incineratimi is saved and the amount of off-gas is reduced. 

Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Ma, M., Wang, C., and Mo, Z., Monitoring priority pollutants in a sewage treatment process by dichloromethane extraction and triolein-semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), Chemosphere, 43, 339-346, 2001. 

Zhang S, van Houten R, Eikelboom DH, Doddema H, Jiang Z, Fan Y, and Wang J. Sewage treatment by a low energy membrane bioreactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2003 90(2) 185-192. 

Judd, S., A review of fouling of membrane bioreactors in sewage treatment. Water Science and Technology 2004, 49, 229-235. 

Krzeminski P, vander Graaf J H J M, van Lier J B, (2012), Specific energy consumption of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for sewage treatment , Water Science and Technology, 65(2), 380-392. 

Vyrides, I., Stuckey, D. C. (2009). Saline sewage treatment using a submerged anaerobic membrane reactor (SAMBR) effects of activated carbon addition and biogas-sparging... 

Applications of Polyzwitterions. Polyzwitterions have wide-ranging applications. For example, statistical polyampholytes comprised of 2-vinylpyridine lOZ and acryhc acid IZ have been evalnated as desalination membranes, while others have been nsed in sewage treatment, flocculation, coagulation, drilling fluids, enhanced oil recovery, and drag reduction. 

In this section, the options for sewage treatment are investigated, including MF/UF filtration, but without RO. The two primary options shown are conventional activated sludge (CAS) followed by tertiary filtration (TF) and integrated membrane bioreactor (MBR). These options are developed and costed for plants ranging in size between 3800 mVday (1 MOD) and 76,000 mVday (20 MOD). 

Churchouse, S., and Brindle, K. (2002). Operational experience of full scale membrane bioreactor sewage treatment plants, proceedings. Paper presented at the 3rd IWA World Water Congress, Melhoume. 

High yields of NaOCl are obtained electrolyticaHy by oxidation of CT at dimensionally stable anodes (219). Sodium hypochlorite is prepared using small diaphragmless or membrane cells, with a capacity of 1—150 kg/d of equivalent CI2, which produce a dilute hypochlorite solution of 1—3 and 5—6 g/L from seawater and brine, respectively (see Chemicals from brine). They are employed in sewage and wastewater treatment and in commercial laundries, large swimming pools, and aboard ships. 

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