Medicine intravenous fluids

There is no proven treatment for smallpox, but in persons exposed to smallpox who do not show symptoms as yet, the vaccine — if given within four days after exposure — can lessen the severity of or even prevent illness. However, once a patient shows symptom, treatment is limited to supportive therapy and antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Patients with smallpox can benefit from supportive therapy such as intravenous fluids, and medicines to control fever or pain. 

Traub-Dargatz J L, Dargatz D A 1994 A retrospective study of vein thrombosis In horses treated with intravenous fluids in a veterinary teaching hospital. Journal of Veterinary Internai Medicine 8 264-266 Treib J, Baron J F, Grauer M T et ai 1999 An internationai view of hydroxyethyl starches. Intensive Care Medicine 25 258-268... 

Felts, S. K.. Sohaffner. W., Melly, A., and Koenig, M. G. (1972). Sepsis caused by contaminated intravenous fluids—Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory invesii-gallon of an outbreak in one hospital. Annals cf Interned Medicine Tf (6) 881 "890. 

Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and Neonatal Paediatric Pharmacists Group (2003). Intravenous fluid therapy. In Medicines for Children, 2nd edn. London RCPCH Publications, G54-57. 

Companies licensed by the Competent Authority to manufacture are also licensed to supply those items for which they have been granted a Marketing Authorisation. They can sell directly to pharmacies and elsewhere in the medicines supply chain e.g. to licensed wholesalers and registered pharmacies. A number of bulk items such as intravenous fluids are often supplied directly to pharmacies. 

Veterinarians have many different tools, products, and options for the treatment of disease. Medicines, such as antibiotics, urinary acidifiers, anthelmintics, steroids, and pain relievers, may be administered by mouth or injection. Intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, surgery, and many other procedures are performed by veterinarians in small private clinics. More advanced treatments such as the implantation of pacemakers, hip replacements, or cataract removal are performed by veterinarians in university veterinary hospitals or specialized clinics. 

Brianceau P, Chevalier H, Karas A 2002 Intravenous lidocaine and small-intestinal size, abdominal fluid, and outcome after colic surgery in horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16 736-741... 

Vaupshas H J, Levy M 1990 Distribution of saline following acute volume loading postural effects. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 13 165-177 Velanovich V 1989 Crystalloid versus colloid fluid resuscitation a meta-analysis of mortality. Surgery 105 65-71 Vukmir R B, Bircher N G, Radovsky A et al 1995 Sodium bicarbonate may improve outcome in dogs with brief or prolonged cardiac arrest. Critical Care Medicine 23 515-522 Walton R J 1979 Effect of intravenous sodium lactate on renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate in man. Clinical Science 57 125-127... 

Often, the active substance is released from its administration form in a dissolved state. If this is not the case, the active substance must first dissolve in aqueous environment after it has been released. Only in the dissolved state, can an active substance pass biological membranes separating the site of administration from the systemic circulation (the blood circulation) via which transport to the site of action occurs. The fraction of the administered active substance that dissolves in the aqueous fluid adjacent to the biological membranes and thereby becomes available for passing them is called the pharmaceutical availability. The fraction of the total amount of the administered active substance that ultimately reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form is called bioavailability. By definition, an intravenously injected medicine will have a bioavailability of 1.0 (or 100 %). When a medicine is administered via a different route, its bioavailability will be reduced, due to, for example, incomplete dissolution or losses during the transport of dissolved active substance to the systemic circulation. 

Intravenous solutions—those that are administered directly into a patient s veins— must have osmotic pressure equal to that of bodily fluids. These solutions are called isoosmotic. When a patient is given an IV in a hospital, the majority of the fluid is usually an isoosmotic saline solution—a solution containing 0.9 g NaCl per 100 mL of solution. In medicine and in other health-related fields, solution concentrations are often reported in units that indicate the mass of the solute in a given volume of solution. Also common is percent mass to volume—which is the mass of the solute in grams divided by volume of the solution in milliliters times 100%. In these units, the concentration of an isoosmotic saline solution is 0.9% mass/volume. 

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