Medicine, gold

Table 6.2 Selected bond angles and lengths of medicinal gold(l) thiolates and 2,4,6-tri/sopropylphenylthiolatogold(l) analogs. Adapted from Shaw [17],...

Graham, G.G., Whitehouse, M.W. and Bushell, G.R. (2008) Aurocyanide, dicyano-aurate (1), a pharmacologically active metabolite of medicinal gold complexes. Inflammopharmacology, 16, 126-123. 

One radioactive isotope of gold is widely used in medicine, gold-198. This isotope has two major uses. First, it can be used to study the liver. It is made into a form known as colloidal gold, which consists of very fine particles of gold mixed in a liquid solution. The colloidal gold is injected into the patient s body, where it travels to the liver. There, it can be detected because of the radiation it gives off The radiation can be used to tell if the liver is functioning normally or not. 

Hill, Principles of Medical Statistics Hill, Clinical Trial, British Medical Bulletin Hill, Clinical Trial, New England Journal of Medicine Gold et al., Xanthines Mainland, Statistics in Clinical Research Reid, Statistics in Clinical Research. ... 

It is estimated that the dietary gold intake is < 7 J-g per day, and the absorption of gold compounds from the alimentary tract and skin is also poor (Iyengar etal. 2000). Of the more common medicinal gold compounds, only Auranofin - which shows good lipid solubility - can be absorbed through the intestine. The toxic symptoms appear as disorders in the digestive tract... 

Parish RV and Cottrill SM (1987) Medicinal gold compounds. Gold Bull 20 3 — 12. 

In the earlier part of the sixteenth century Paracelsus gave a new direction to alchemy by declaring that its true object was not the making of gold but the preparation of medicines. This union of chemistry with medieine was one characteristic goal of iatrochemists, of whom he was the predeeessor. The search for the elixir of life had usually... 

Gold [7440-57-5] Au, is presumably the first metal known and used by humans. It occurs ia nature as a highly pure metal and is treasured because of its color, its extraordinary ductility, and its resistance to corrosion. Early uses ia medicine and dentistry date to the ancient Chinese and Egyptians. In the Middle Ages the demand for gold led to the iatense, unsuccesshil efforts of alchemists to convert base metals iato gold. These pursuits became the basis for chemical science. The search for gold has been an important factor ia world exploration and the development of world trade. 

Some elements found in body tissues have no apparent physiological role, but have not been shown to be toxic. Examples are mbidium, strontium, titanium, niobium, germanium, and lanthanum. Other elements are toxic when found in greater than trace amounts, and sometimes in trace amounts. These latter elements include arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, silver, zirconium, beryUium, and thallium. Numerous other elements are used in medicine in nonnutrient roles. These include lithium, bismuth, antimony, bromine, platinum, and gold (Eig. 1). The interactions of mineral nutrients with... 

Zaitseva, M., Blauvelt, A., Lee, S., Lapham, C. K., Klaus-Kovtun, V., Mostowski, H., Manischewitz, J., and Golding, H. (1997). Expression and function of CCR5 and CXCR4 on human langerhans cells and macrophages Implications for HIV primary infection. Nature Medicine 3 1369-1375. 

Nanotechnology has led to very efficient versions of liposomes. Tiny hollow spheres only nanometers in diameter hold even tinier capsules of medicine. The spheres are made of silica covered with gold nanoparticles and when they are coated with antibodies they attach to tumor cells. The spheres are sensitive to light of specific wavelengths and when the light is applied, either heat up and destroy the tumor, or burst, releasing the drugs within the capsules directly into the tumor. 

Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC, eds (1996). Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York Oxford University Press. 

Moustatih, A., and Garnier-Suillerot, A. (1989) Bifunctional antitumor compounds synthesis and characterization of a gold(III)-streptonigrin complex with thiol-modulating properties. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 32, 1426. 

Navarro, M., Vasquez, F., Sanchez-Delgado, R.A., Perez, H., Sinou, V. and Schrevel, J. (2004) Toward a Novel Metal-Based Chemotherapy against Tropical Diseases. 7. Synthesis and in Vitro Antimalarial Activity of New Gold-Chloroquine Complexes. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 47, 5204. 

Messori, L, Abbate, F., Marcon, G., Orioli, P., Fontani, M., Mini, E., Mazzei, T., Carotti, S., O Connell, T. and Zanello, P. (2000) Gold(lll) complexes as potential antitumor agents solution chemistry and cytotoxic properties of some selected gold(III) compounds. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 43, 3541. 

Casini, A., Cinellu, M.A., Minghetti, G., Gabbiani, C., Coronnello, M., Mini, E. and Messori, L. (2006) Structural and solution chemistry, antiproliferative effects, and DNA and protein binding properties of a series of dinudear gold(l II) compounds with bipyridyl ligands. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 49, 5524. 

Antitumor properties of some 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl-gold(lll) complexes./oumoi of Medicinal Chemistry, 39, 5208. 

The earliest use of gold complexes in medicine primarily involved gold thiolates, which being yellow or even gold-colored in solution, led to their designation as chrysotherapy (chrysos is Greek for gold). 

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