Medicinal applications properties

Fig. 1 Heterocycles bearing a 2-pyridone moiety with wide range of medicinal applications. Amrinone WIN 40680 1 is a cardiotonic agent for the treatment of heart failure. ZAR-NESTRA 2 is a selective farnesyl protein inhibitor and NP048 3 is a pilicide with novel antibacterial properties. The 2-pyridones 4, 5 and 6 are schematic representations of the three categories of 2-pyridones that wiU be covered in this chapter i.e., substituted 2-pyridones 4, 2-quinolones 5 and other ring-fused 2-pyridones 6...

The tetrakis(thioglycosyl) 128a and 129a derivatives can act as potent photosensitisers in their potential medicinal applications, this being due to their important photophysical properties.80... 

Much has been said about the application of this heterocyclic system in supramolecular chemistry and in materials chemistry, particularly in the preparation of organic conductors and superconductors. It should not be forgotten however that heterocyclic compounds in general are extremely important medicinal compounds. Although medicinal applications of this heterocyclic system have been rare in the years since CHEC-II(1996), some have been reported. Townsend and co-workers have described the preparation of imidazo[4,5-r/ isothiazole nucleosides 174-177 and have demonstrated their properties as antiproliferative and antiviral analogues of the antibiotic nebularine 172 and the highly cytotoxic 6-methylpurine nucleoside 173 <1997JME771>. 

Arylamines are commonplace. They are part of molecules with medicinally important properties, of molecules with structurally interesting properties, of materials with important electronic properties, and of transition metal complexes with catalytic activity. An aryl-nitrogen linkage is present in nitrogen heterocydes such as indoles [1, 2] and benzopyr-azoles, conjugated polymers such as polyanilines [3-9], and readily oxidizable triarylamines used in electronic applications [10-13]. The ability of aryl halides and triflates to form arylamines allows a single group to be used as a synthetic intermediate in aromatic carbon-... 

Colorimetric pH sensing has a long tradition and numerous chromogenic sensors such as phenolphthalein, bromothymol blue, methyl red, and many others, have been developed. These indicators are involved in protonation-deprotonation equilibria between two (or more) forms of different spectral properties. Much higher sensitivity can be obtained with fluorescent proton sensors. Furthermore, this technique can be widely used in bioanalytical chemistry, cellular biology, and medicine. Application of fluorescence imaging techniques provides spatial information on pH. 

A new drug molecule IMOL 881 111 was reported to show interesting trypanocidal properties. The test results on animal models indicated activity against several trypanosome species, both in the veterinary and in the human medicine application fields <1993MI261>. 

Compounds in oxidation states —I through V are known. The conunon and stable oxidation states that dominate the aqueous chemistry of gold are Au(I) and Au(III). The aquated ions are unstable to reduction, but many complexes are stabihzed by a variety of soft hgands. The remaining oxidation states (—1, II, IV, V) exhibit interesting chemical and physicochemical properties, but have not yet found medicinal applications. 

Ointments utilize certain bases that act as vehicles to deliver the drug and to impart emollient and lubricant properties to the preparation. Usually, but not always, they contain medicinal substances. Properties of ointments may vary from product to product depending on their specific use, ease, and extent of application. In general, ointment bases may be classified into four general groups hydrocarbon, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. 

Of a total of 43 Sri Lankan plants from which alkaloids have been isolated, 17 are claimed to have applications in traditional systems of medicine (Table III). As stated in the Introduction, many of these investigations were not driven by the claims of medicinal properties. Interestingly, several bioactive alkaloids have been isolated from plants with no claims of any medicinal applications. 

Although the endemic species Broussonetia zeylanica (Thw.) has no claims of medicinal applications, when screened, some of its extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against three common pathogenic organisms, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus (15). Bioactivity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of the major antimicrobial alkaloid, 8-hydroxyquinoline-4-carbaldehyde (1), active against C. albicans and S. aureus (17,18). 8-Hydroxyquinoline (oxine) and its derivatives are known to have an array of antimicrobial properties, and a number... 

Efforts toward producing synthetic steroids, particularly cortisol, expanded during World War II to enable researchers to explore the possibility of medicinal applications of corticosteroids. In 1948, the discovery that cortisone dramatically alleviates the symptoms of arthritis led to intensive research on the antiinflammatory properties of corticosteroids. The development of partial and total syntheses for the commercial preparation of cortisone, alternative methods for producing cortisone, and the search for more potent antiinflammatory analogues greatly stimulated both academic and industrial steroid research. 

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