Medical dialyzer

Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency that must be treated in a hospital setting. In a patient with lactic acidosis who is taking metformin, immediately discontinue the drug and promptly institute general supportive measures. Because metformin is dialyzable (with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions), prompt hemodialysis is recommended to correct the acidosis and remove the accumulated metformin. Such management often results in prompt reversal of symptoms and recovery. 

In medical applications, the dialysis SPM may be the patient s own stomach lining. A prepared solution is infused into the abdomen, stimulating osmotic flow of toxins across the stomach lining into the ingested solution, which is subsequently drained from the stomach. Alternatively, the dialyzer for blood dialysis (hemodialysis) may be a prepared membrane with special solution over which the blood flows to osmotically remove impurities. 

The US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defence employs an automated microdistillation assay for cyanide in blood, using fluorometric detection (67). For assaying free CN , plasma is mixed with and dialyzed against pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. For an assay of total blood cyanide, blood is mixed with saline containing Triton X (which hemolyzes the red cells), treated with 0.5 % sulfuric acid and dialyzed against 0.25 % sulfuric acid. Cyanide is... 

Several medications, including anticholinesterases such as pyridostigmine bromide, are toxic to mice, but can be dialyzed from samples before testing. To avoid interfering with the mouse bioassay, a list of the patient s medications should accompany any diagnostic samples sent. All specimens require refrigeration at 4°C (37). 

Stimuli-responsive polymers have gained increasing interest and served in a vast number of medical and/or pharmaceutical applications such as implants, medical devices or controlled drug delivery systems, enzyme immobilization, immune-diagnosis, sensors, sutures, adhesives, adsorbents, coatings, contact lenses, renal dialyzers, concentration and extraction of metals, for enhanced oil recovery, and other specialized systems (Chen and Hsu 1997 Chen et al. 1997 Wu and Zhou 1997 Yuk et al. 1997 Bayhan and Tuncel 1998 Tuncel 1999 Tuncel and Ozdemir 2000 Hoffman 2002 en and Sari 2005 Fong et al. 2009). Some novel applications in the biomedical field using stimuli-responsive materials in bulk or just at the surface are shape-memory (i.e., devices that can adapt shape to facilitate the implantation and recover their conformation within the body to... 

Dialysis membranes can be animal membranes and cellophane, but mostly used membranes are made of cellulose. Now, various-sized dialysis tubes, made by the American Union Carbide and American medical spectrum, are commonly used. The MWCO of the tubes are usually around 10,000. In order to improve the efficiency of dialysis, a variety of devices can also be used, including various types of Zeineh dialyzer (Biomed Instruments Inc. US), by which the speed and efficiency of dialysis can be greatly increased. 

In the patient who is not dialyzed, protein should be limited for no more than 24-48 h to prevent further catabolism [21]. Some advocate providing essential amino acids even during an acute illness in order to prevent branched-chain amino acid deficiency that can occur with hyperammonemia and be further exacerbated by nitrogen-scavenging medications [28]. There is no consensus about whether protein should be reintroduced in the diet in 24 or 48 hours in acutely ill patients with UCD, and the decision is made by the medical team depending on the patient s ammonia, plasma amino acids, nutritional intake, and neurological status. 

Many components in medical devices are made of rubber and rubber blends, consisting of latex, polyisoprene, silicone rubber, fluoroelastomers, ethylene propylene, etc. Some examples of conunercial products refer to seals for medical appliances, O-rings for dialyzers, medical pump seals, intravenous components, feeding devices, etc [http //www.applerubber.com/products/medical-seals.cfm]. However, if the concerned product interacts with tissues or biological fluids, it must fulfill some requirements referring to the biocompatibility, temperature resistance, chemical stability, mechanical properties, and electrical properties. Silicone rubber assures aU of these demands, being the most encountered type of rubber used in the fabrication of medical device parts. It is commonly used for the fabrication of different tubes and catheters because of its hemocompatibility and inert character. 

NIR has been applied to prediction of the concentrations of glucose and lactic acid in peritoneal dialysis solution, which is a medical product and not a fermentation broth (22). The peritoneal dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity of renal failure patients, and waste materials in the blood are dialyzed into the solution through the peritoneum. MLR was used to obtain calibration equations relating the NIR spectral data and the glucose and lactic acid concentrations of a calibration sample set obtained by enzymatic methods. A calibration equation for glucose in peritoneal dialysis solution was formulated with second-derivative NIR spectral data at 2270 nm, and the values of r and SEC were 0.996 and 2.03 g-l respectively. A calibration equation for lactic acid in peritoneal dialysis solution was formulated with the second-derivative NIR spectral data at 1688 and 1268 nm, and the values of R and SEC were 0.997 and 0.178 g-C respectively. In the validation results of the calibration equations, excellent agreement between the results of the enzymatic method and the NIR method was also observed for these constituents. The values of r for glucose and lactic acid in the peritoneal dialysis solution were 0.996 and 0.996, respectively. 

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