Methods for adjustment

The considerations so far are based on the presumption that the type I error rate is divided equally across all of the comparisons. This does not always make sense and indeed it is not a requirement that it be done in this way. For example, with two comparisons there would be nothing to prevent having a 4 per cent type I error rate for one of the comparisons and a 1 per cent type I error rate for the other, providing this methodology is clearly set down in the protocol. We will see a setting below, that of interim analysis, where it is usually advantageous to divide up the error rate unequally. Outside of interim analysis, however, it is rare to see anything other than an equal subdivision. 

Interim analyses arise when we want to look at the data as it accumulates with the possibility of stopping the trial at the interim stage if the data suggests, for example, overwhelming efficacy of the test treatment compared to placebo. If we were to introduce, for example, two interim looks in additional to the final 

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It is essential to use Kohler illumination, which is a method for adjusting the illumination pathway to achieve maximum resolution and minimum chromatic error. The information is in the documentation for your... 

In Chapter 6 we covered methods for adjusted analyses and analysis of covariance in relation to continuous (ANOVA and ANCOVA) and binary and ordinal data (CMH tests and logistic regression). Similar methods exist for survival data. As with these earlier methods, particularly in relation to binary and ordinal data, there are numerous advantages in accounting for such factors in the analysis. If the randomisation has been stratified, then such factors should be incorporated into the analysis in order to preserve the properties of the resultant p-values. 

We will now investigate a method for adjusting the coupling of the resonator to the input optical waveguide. The reflectivities of the mirrors that define the resonator determine the degree of coupling to the incident... 

The selectivity of activated carbons for adsorption and catalysis is dependent upon their surface chemistry, as well as upon their pore size distribution. Normally, the adsorptive surface of activated carbons is approximately neutral, such that polar and ionic species are less readily adsorbed than organic molecules. For many applications it would be advantageous to be able to tailor the surface chemistry of activated carbons in order to improve their effectiveness. The approaches that have been taken to modify the type and distribution of surface functional groups have mostly involved the posttreatment of activated carbons or modification of the precursor composition, although the synthesis route and conditions can also be employed to control the properties of the end product. Posttreatment methods include heating in a controlled atmosphere and chemical reaction in the liquid or vapor phase. It has been shown that through appropriate chemical reaction, the surface can be rendered more acidic, basic, polar, or completely neutral [11]. However, chemical treatment can add considerably to the product cost. The chemical composition of the precursor also influences the surface chemistry and offers a potentially lower cost method for adjusting the properties of activated... 

An alternative method for adjusting the pH is to use urea [18]. This consists in the slow decomposition of urea in the solution. Hydroxyl ions are generated slowly and uniformly throughout the liquid phase, and their concentration is always low because they are consumed almost as soon as they are formed. The chemistry, as it applies to the active component, therefore, closely resembles that operating in CP [18]. 

These are often important input parameters in combustion testing. Furnace temperature has a direct effect on a number of output parameters such as material processing throughput rate, NOx emissions [50], and heat flux. Realistic tests then normally need to match the furnace temperature(s) that will be seen in the field. This means there needs to be some method for adjusting the temperature in the test furnace. This is typically done by varying the heat load. One method that is commonly used is water-cooled tubes or bayonets. Figure 1.46 shows an... 

A more efficient method for adjusting the surface acidity of solids is chemical modification of the outermost atomic layers. Connell and Dumesic [71] showed that acid centers (both Lewis and Bronsted) could be generated by doping small amounts (less than 1%) of a second metal cation on the surface of several oxides with various acid-base character, ranging from the very basic (MgO) to acidic... 

Hayashi, T. Suzuki, S. Komaki, T. Ink composition for indicating heat history, package having indication by ink composition, and method for adjusting period for completion of color change of ink composition. PCX Int. Appl. WO 2005054383, 2005 Chem. Abstr. 2005,143, 45115. 

Oxide materials can be used to produce the solid solution raw material powders, and are sometimes made by a wet precipitation method. Here, we will discuss methods for adjusting the raw materials by an ethanol/oxalic acid method and a multistage wet method, and various properties of polycrystalline ceramics produced using these as raw materials. 

Although not always bringing great advances, several other model potentials were proposed [47,48,49], Also, many different methods for adjusting the parameters were suggested [50], The main application of these model potentials was to the theory of metallic cohesion [51,52,53,54,55],... 

The method for adjustment of active coefficients is a simplified treatment for real complex kinetic reactions and of a very simple form. However, it cannot reveal the nature of the process. The decrease of apparent activation energy due to diffusion effect cannot be reflected by the equation that intrinsic kinetic equation is produced by active coefficients including various factors. 

In addition to polymer molecular weight and polymer concentration, mar other approaches can be used to adjust the viscosity of electrospinning solntions. For example, adding nanoparticle fillers and salt additives are two commonly used methods for adjusting the solution viscosity. These two approaches are discussed in sections 12.3.4 and 12.3.5, respectively. 

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