Meat meal processing

Flavorzyme is a commercially available proteolytic enzyme preparation by Novo Nordisk Bioindustrials. It can be used to obtain a meat-like process flavouring from defatted soybean meal. With the help of aroma extract dilution analysis, Wu and Cadwallader [61] showed in their study of 2002 the presence of key aroma compounds of roasty, meat-like aroma in the enzymatically hydrolysed and heated hydrolysed protein, e.g. maltol, furaneol, methanethiol and furanthiol derivatives. 

Meat Meal is the rendered product from mammal tissues, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach, and rumen contents, except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices. The calcium (Ca) level shall not exceed the actual level of phosphorous (P) by more than 2.2 times. 

A European Council decision of 4 December 2000, which remains in force but under review, defined processed animal proteins as meat and bone meal, meat meal, bone meal, blood meal, dried plasma and other blood products, hydrolysed proteins, hoof meal, horn meal, poultry offal meal, dry greaves, fishmeal, dicalcium phosphate and gelatin. It directs that member states shall prohibit the use of processed animal proteins as food for farmed animals that are kept, fattened or bred for the production of food for human beings. Rshmeal may be given to non-ruminants, and the prohibition does not apply to milk and milk products. 

Seed-Meal Concentrates and Isolates. Seed-meal protein products include flours, concentrates, and isolates, particularly soy protein products. These can be used as extenders for meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, or cheese (see Soybeans and other oilseeds). Detailed information on soybean and other seed-meal production processes is available (13,14,18). 

Protein-Based Substitutes. Several plant and animal-based proteins have been used in processed meat products to increase yields, reduce reformulation costs, enhance specific functional properties, and decrease fat content. Examples of these protein additives are wheat flour, wheat gluten, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, textured soy protein, cottonseed flour, oat flour, com germ meal, nonfat dry milk, caseinates, whey proteins, surimi, blood plasma, and egg proteins. Most of these protein ingredients can be included in cooked sausages with a maximum level allowed up to 3.5% of the formulation, except soy protein isolate and caseinates are restricted to 2% (44). 

Coconut. In 1988, total coconut production was 36,802,000 t, of which 81% was produced in Asia, mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines (157). The coconut is essentiaUy a crop of the lowland tropics (157). On the average, five nuts are required to produce 1 kg of copra, the dried endosperm of the nut. Copra is further processed to obtain coconut oil and copra meal. To produce coconut milk, which is an emulsion of coconut oil and water, grated fresh coconut meat is mixed with hot water and pressed (157). Either poles having an attached sickle-shaped knife or monkeys (158) may be used for harvesting. 

Figure 2.3 illustrates a process in which the outer layer of a product is quickly frozen as a congealed crust. These CRUSToFREEZE plants have a capacity between 1500 and 5000 kg/h and require 0.5 to 0.8 kg LN2 pro kg of product, which has to be frozen totally on a conveyor belt. Figure 2.4 shows the product exit of the plant in Fig. 2.3. The freeze drying of coffee and tea extracts, fruit pulps or small pieces of meat require a multi- stage pretreatment. The granulated end product from coffee and tea extracts should have a defined grain size, a desired color, and a predetermined density. Fruit pulps should become granulated, with the appearance of fruit pieces, while meat pieces should not stick together like a small meat ball, but be recognized as single pieces when presented in a meal.

Copra Cake. Copra cake is a by-product of oil extraction from coconut. The dehusked coconut is split and the meat is scraped from the kernel cup and dried. The oil is extracted via expeller or solvent processes from the dried coconut meat copra. This product is available throughout the year, making it a cheap local source of animal feed. The cake is ground to meal for use in feed for poultry, cattle, sheep, and swine. Copra cake can be used as a substitute for hsh meal in swine feed but may cause conshpahon. Germany has been an importer of the majority of the cake produced in the Philippines (61). 

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