Maximum theoretical power

A liquid stream leaves a reactor at a pressure of 100 bar. If the pressure is reduced to 3 bar in a turbine, estimate the maximum theoretical power that could be obtained from a flow-rate of 1000 kg/h. The density of the liquid is 850 kg/m3. 

This number can never be greater than one. Usually, it is given as a percentage, with 100% being the maximum theoretical power deliverable. 

Since both the carbureted and port injection methods mix the fuel and air prior to it entering the combustion chamber, these systems limit the maximum theoretical power obtainable to approximately 85% of that of gasoline engines. For direct injection systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the intake valve has closed (and thus the combustion chamber has 100% air), the maximum output of the engine can be approximately 15% higher than that for gasoline engines. 

FF is defined as fraction of maximum theoretical power which is actually available under normal operating conditions at the maximum power point (MPP) (i.e. point on onrent-voltage curve, where the power is maximum, see Figure 5.6a). It is suggested that the FF depends on the V series resistance (R) and shunt resistance (R j ) (see equivalent circuit diagram in Figure 5.6b) as per the theoretical relations [34]... 

According to the function of Py T) for both saltwater and freshwater, the pressure difference is calculated and the maximum theoretical power results as... 

To find the maximum Hnear output power and maximum theoretical power efficiency of a Class B push-pull amplifier, the loadline in Fig. 7.52 provides the information for the following analysis. Let... 

Although to produce the maximum theoretical power yield, the following PG cell conditions have been established - however, in practice this is unfeasible, as explained later ... 

In contrast to the MTTR values, the power production values escalate with the increase of fleet size regardless of CTV category (Fig. 4). Due to the fact that maximum theoretical power that... 

Stirling engines also have the maximum theoretical possible efficiency because their power cycle (their theoretical pressure volume diagram) matches the Carnot cycle. The Carnot cycle, first described by the French physicist Sadi Carnot, determines the maximum theoretical efficiency of any heat engine operating between a hot and a cold reservoir. The Carnot efficiency formula is... 

HA A single-stage double-acting compressor running at 3 Hz is used to compress air from 110 kN/irr and 382 K to 1150 kN/nr. If the internal diameter of the cylinder is 20 cm, the length of stroke 25 cm and the piston clearance 5%, calculate (a) the maximum capacity of the machine, referred to air at the initial temperature and pressure, ami power requirements under isentropic conditions. 

The emissive power of a solid Er is defined as the energy emitted by the body per unit area and per unit time. The body having a theoretical maximum emissive power at a given temperature is called a blackbody. The actual emissive power of a solid at a given temperature is less than or equal to that of the blackbody for the same temperature. Hence, we define the emissivity of a solid as the ratio of the emissive power of the solid to the emissive power of a blackbody at the same temperature, which is... 

Biological Hj production is expected to be one of many processes that contribute to the ultimate supply of H2. But it is useful to consider that in an area of less than 5,000 square miles (about 0.12% of the U.S. land area) of bioreactor footprint in the desert southwest, photobiological processes could in principle produce enough H2 to displace all of the gasoline currently used in the U.S. (236 million vehicles). The underlying assumptions are that H2 could be produced from water at 10% efficiency (the maximum theoretical efficiency of an algal H2 production system is about 13%) and that fuel cell-powered vehicles could get 60 miles/kg of H2 (M. Mann, personal communication). 

Other inefficiencies further reduce the percentage of energy that is converted to useful work. Table 20.3 illustrates some of these factors in regard to a modern electrical power plant. The data in the table allow you to compute the planfs overall efficiency, which is simply the product of the efficiencies of all the individual steps multiplied by the maximum theoretical efficiency. If the maximum theoretical efficiency is 63 percent, then the efficiency of generating electricity by the process detailed in Table 20.3 can be calculated as follows. 

Maximum theoretical efficiency Efficiency of boiler Mechanical efficiency of turbine Efficiency of electrical generator Efficiency of power transmission Overall actual efficiency... 

Using a Table Using Table 20.3 as a guide, determine the overall efficiency of a power plant that has a maximum theoretical efficiency of 50 percent, given that the other efficiencies are the same as those in the table. 

Recently, diacetyl reductase (Acetoin reductase, E.C. 1.1.1.5) from Bacillus stearo-thermophilus (BSDR) was reported to be a powerful catalyst in the oxidative kinetic resolution of vic-diols (Fig. 16.2-22)1901. All syn-diols tested yielded the enantiopure (R,R) diols in almost maximum theoretical yields, a-hydroxy ketones were largely further oxidized to the corresponding diketones. Oxidation of vic-anti diols only gave ee values in the range of 62-76%. 

Stieg also identified 9.25 PVC as the pigment concentration at which titanium dioxide should theoretically develop its maximum hiding power per pound, a deduction based upon his equations that was verified 10 years later by Bruehlman and Ross (73). 

One possible approach to the study of chemical reactivity is to determine the degree that the atoms in a molecule are bonded to adjacent atoms relative to their theoretical maximum bonding power. If particular atoms are not much bonded compared to the maximum, we could say that they have considerable "free valence" and especially reactive positions. Coulson defines a free valence index, atom i as follows ... 

Thus, ATy jjjax and Apv,max representative for the same phenomena and can be indifferently used to calculate the maximum theoretical specific power l th,max-Nevertheless, the continuous exploitation of such a pressure difference is not trivial since the process evolves spontaneously to an equilibrium condition. Vapor formation causes the liquid phase to cool down, with a reduction in vapor pressure at the freshwater chamber. In the other chamber, vapor condenses with an increase of temperature and vapor pressure. If no heat is provided to the freshwater chamber and extracted from the saltwater chamber, the small pressure difference that drives the process rapidly vanishes, causing an interruption in the vapor flow. 

In other words, the key impurity separation power is indicated by the reduction of heavy key impurity from the distillate and the reduction of light key impurity from the bottoms. The maximum separation power that a distillation tower can achieve would be at total reflux, that is, total boilup and reflux with zero feed rate. One rule of thumb for an economical design of a distillation column is to use 2.0 times the minimum number of theoretical stages. This generally coincides with a design for about 1.3 to 1.5 times the minimum... 

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