Theoretical energy efficiency

The theoretical energy efficiency of grinding operations is 0.06 to 1 percent, based on values of the surface energy of quartz [Martin, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. (London), 4, 42 (1926) Gaudin, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng., 73, 253 (1926)]. Uncertainty in these results is due to uncertainty in the theoretical surface energy. 

Neglecting the energy for overcoming viscous force during liquid breakup, a simple equation for the theoretical energy efficiency has been derived by Yule and Dunkleyl5 for a pressure-swirl atomizer ... 

The working of the cell under reversible thermodynamic conditions does not follow Carnot s theorem, so that the theoretical energy efficiency, deflned as the ratio between the electrical energy produced (—AG°) and the heat of combustion (—AH°) at constant pressure, is... 

Cheaper to purchase and install Theoretically energy-efficient Low to medium capacity High maintenance... 

Irreversible Processes. Irreversible processes are among the most expensive continuous processes. These are used only in special situations, such as when the separation factors of more efficient processes (that is, processes that are theoretically more efficient from an energy point of view) are found to be uneconomicaHy small. Except for pressure diffusion, the diffusion methods discussed herein are essentially irreversible processes. Thus,... 

Fuel Cell Efficiency The theoretical energy conversion efficiency of a fuel cell ° is given by the ratio of the free energy (Gibbs function) of the cell reaction at the cell s operating temperature AG to the enthalpv of reaction at the standara state AH°, both quantities being based on a mole of fuel ... 

In a numerical exercise described in section 4.2.2, it was shown that, for a stoichiometric, hydrocarbon-air detonation, the theoretical maximum efficiency of conversion of heat of combustion into blast is equal to approximately 40%. If the blast energy of TNT is equal to the energy brought into the air as blast by a TNT detonation, a TNT equivalency of approximately 40% would be the theoretical upper limit for a gas explosion process under atmospheric conditions. However, the initial stages in the process of shock propagation in the immediate vicinity of... 

Theoretically, the first type ot propulsion, where the interaction is with a relatively immovable object, is the most energy efficient. In the absence of friction, it is theoretically possible to convert 100 percent of the available energy into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. This is because the more massive immovable object takes away a very small amount of kinetic energy even though it shares equally (but oppositely) in the impulse or change of momentum. 

Plastic Nutter Rings are rigid and energy efficient, and permit applications to produce pressure drops per theoretical stage and bed heights, not attainable with other random particle packing. 

In electrorefining and in electroplating, where the same metal is used as a soluble anode, the theoretical cell voltage is zero or almost zero therefore, the energy efficiency, as per this definition, is expected to be zero or close to zero, whatever may be the current efficiency. The actual cell voltage depends on the current density, the temperature, the electrolyte... 

G and the maximum theoretical electrical energy efficiency values. We may notice the high e values for most reactions and for some even a thermal efficiency of over 100%. This rather surprising result arises due to the positive value of the entropy change of the reaction (T S term) concerned. The maximum values pertain to the situation of no load. As we may easily anticipate, the real world is much different and a real device will not achieve these terrific values under normal conditions of operation. These limitations arise from kinetic factors and we will briefly outline them next. 

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