Mating costs

From the early 1980s to present, infrared sensitive two dimensional arrays were mated to integrated circuits for signal processing and sensitivity to better than 0.03 K (see Photodetectors). These focal plane arrays of some 500 by 500 elements eliminate the need for scanning and provide good spatial resolution. Some versions have no special cooling requirements. The development trend is to increase the number of pixels to improve resolution, increase the field of view and keep the size and cost of the optics within acceptable bounds. 

Equipment Materials and Abrasion Resistance. Stainless steel, especially Type 316, is the constmction material of choice and can resist a variety of corrosive conditions and temperatures. Carbon steels are occasionally used. Rusting may, however, cause time-consuming maintenance and can damage mating locating surfaces, which increases the vibration and noise level. Titanium, HasteUoy, or high nickel alloys are used in special instances, at a considerable increase in capital cost. 

Requirements. Automotive brakes must satisfy a certain set of consumer expectations, which iacludes safety, comfort, durabiUty, and reasonable cost. In technical terms, these expectations are translated iato a set of specific requirements such as high and stable friction, no or minimal vibration and noise, and low wear rates for the friction material and rotor mating surfaces, all of which have to be achieved simultaneously at a reasonable cost. Particularly, the performance has to be stable under varying appHcation conditions over extremes ia temperature, humidity, speed, and deceleration rate for occasional or many consecutive stops. The requirements for use ia machines are less stringent. 

Cost allocation schemes were replaced by more flexible service contracts that made costs and services rendered much more transparent. These contracts range from more traditional time- and mate-rials-based arrangements to full service agreements, where the service providers and their customers agree on certain output parameters such as uptime/plant performance rather than on input parameters such as maintenance cost. Price negotiations with the customers became the key imperative of this transition phase. 

Racemic material Is available In bulk and Is used for mating disruption In control programs. It costs about 400 per kilogram In large quantities. The (+) enantiomer Is much more expensive, and a number of syntheses have been described that entail the use of optically active starting materials or Intermediates (6-10). The superiority of the (+) enantiomer over racemic disparlure to attract males Into traps has stimulated efforts to devise more convenient and economical syntheses. 

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