Materials other than Silicon

Principally two other classes of materials have been studied by in-situ STM and AFM the III-V compounds and layered materials. In-situ atomic resolution has been obtained on p-InSe by Uosaki and Kuomina [22]. Semiconductor oxides have not been studied since the early work of Itaya and Tomita on Ti02 [42] and ZnO [43]. STS [63, 64] and atomic resolution [64] have however been recently reported in air on Ti02. Kepler and Gewirth [21] could resolve in-situ individual atoms on Ge(lll) and (110) electrodes. That in-situ atomic resolution was obtained by AFM on Ge [21] and InSe [22] opens new possibilities for electrochemical studies since the sample bias is less subject to constraints of polarization. Photoeffects, induced by the laser beam need nevertheless being avoided. 

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The substitution of materials other than silicon or aluminum into the zeolite framework—particularly the phosphorus substitution reported by Flanigen and Grose. It was, however, disappointing that this was successful with only one large-pore material, namely, type L zeolite. 

Silicon has the advantages of being abundant and nontoxic. Most other cells contain toxic metals or elements that are not abundant and probably not cheap. If materials other than silicon come into common use, some sort of collection and recycling system will be needed to keep discarded cells from ending up in incinerators and landfills where they may be sources of pollution.379 ( Silicon Valley, California has 29 Superfund sites.380)... 

Processing adapted from MEMS technologies extended to materials other than silicon, such as mylar, polydimethylmethyl methacrolate, and polycarbonate... 

A typical CCD well of dimension 10 pm x 20 pm thus has a storage capacity of 4 X 10 electrons. Buried channel CCDs have a storage capacity a factor of two to three smaller than this [6.3]. For d = 1000A the oxide capacitance of the 10 pm X 20 pm well would be 0.07 pF. In materials other than silicon where the impurity dopant density is larger (leading to smaller depletion widths) and the bandgap is smaller the limit on Vq can be set by avalanche breakdown in the semiconductor itself or tunneling. 

Some companies may use a pre-made emulsion such as Dow Corning 365 Medical Grade emulsion however, these types of emulsions contain materials other than silicone oil and water to keep them in the emulsion phase. 

A silicone adhesive can also be used for many types of general purpose bonding of materials other than silicone rubbers. 

If a material other than a hydrocarbon is used as the base material of an ointment-like system, the ointment bears the name of its principal ingredient. There are silicone ointments that contain polydimethylsiloxane oil in large proportion. These reportedly act as excellent water barriers and superior emollients. Some are actually used to protect skin from the undesirable effects of long immersion in water. 

Very little has been published on the electrolytic etching of semiconducting materials other than germanium and silicon. There probably have been many unpublished small experiments carried out to determine a suitable electropolishing process for many of the intermetallic semiconductors. Uhlir (36) for example, found that a largely nonaqueous HF solution suitable for electropolishing silicon would also electropolish GaSb. 

The commercial importance and diverse uses of zeolites have long prompted attempts to synthesise related compounds. Many framework materials containing atoms other than silicon and aluminium are now known. These materials, known as zeotypes , are not zeolites in the strictest sense as they are not aluminosilicates. Examples include the aluminophosphates, commonly known as AlPOs (Wilson et al., 1982), silicoaluminophosphates - SAPOs (Lok et al., 1984) - and gallophosphates - GaPOs (Parise, 1985). 

There are two ways to obtain the range of alphas in a material other than air and silicon ... 

Contamination of austenitic stainless steels of the 300 type by compounds which can alter the physical or metallurgical structure and/or properties of the material is avoided during all stages of fabrication. Painting of 300 series stainless steels is prohibited. Grinding is accomplished with resin or rubber-bounded aluminum oxide or silicon carbide wheels which were not previously used on materials other than austenitic alloys. Outside storage of partially-fabricated components is avoided and in most cases prohibited. Exceptions are made for certain components provided they are dry, completely covered with a waterproof material, and kept above ground. 

Ideally, the combustion process would produce only carbon dioxide—from the combustion of coal—or carbon dioxide and water—from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas and refined peti oleum fuels. In practice, however, fossil fuels contain a percentage of materials other than carbon and hydrogen, such as sulfur, metals (including iron, mercury, and lead), and nonmetals (including phosphorus, silicon, and arsenic). In addition, air used to supply oxygen for combustion also... 

Synthesis may also be carried out at a lower pH using fluoride-containing media, wherein F ions are thought to act as structure directors via strong interactions with framework Si atoms. Consequently, the nucleation rate is decreased, which yields larger crystals relative to standard alkaline hydrothermal routes.The fluoride route under neutral/acidic pH conditions is also extremely useful to synthesize zeolite-like materials called zeotypes, which contain elements other than silicon and aluminum (e.g., titanosilicates, zirconosilicates, etc.). Under alkaline conditions, the precursors would be preferentially precipitated as hydroxide species rather than ordered arrays. 

A convenient term for any material possessing the properties of a rubber but produced from other than natural sources. A synthetic version of natural rubber has been available for many years with the same chemical formula, i.e., cis-1,4-polyisoprene, but it has not displaced the natural form. See also Butyl Rubber, Chloroprene Rubber, Ethylene-Propylene Rubber, Nitrile Rubber, Silicone Rubber and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber. 

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