Material parameters influencing performance

We will now, in the subsequent sections, discuss illustrative examples of batteries incorporating various CPs as electrode materials. Parameters influencing and improving battery characteristics and performance will become apparent to the reader from these many examples. 

Van Doom 1981 To investigate the use of water sprays in dispersing a hazardous cloud by using air entrained by the spray to dilute the material to safe limits. A semiemperical model was developed of describe transfer of momentum between spray curtain and air. Induced air movement is turbulent and strongly dependent on initial water velocity. Nozzle design and operating parameters influence spray-curtain performance. When two spray-curtains are used, the one with the larger flow predominates. 

Figure 1 summarizes the main differences and objectives between the major preparation strategies. A collection of the major individual reaction steps for the synthesis of unsupported catalysts can be found in Table 1. One fundamental insight from this rather schematic comparison is that differences in the reaction kinetics of the synthesis of a given material will lead to different mesoscopic and macroscopic structures which considerably affect the catalytic performance. It is necessary to control these analytically difficult-to-describc parameters with much the same precision as the atomic arrangement or the local electronic structure. Whereas these latter parameters influence the nature of the active site, it is the mcso/macrostructure which controls the distribution and abundance of active sites on a given material. It is necessary in certain cases to apply the costly method of fusion as there is no other way to... 

Actually there are defined no minimum requirements for the stability or the dynamics of the hydrophobicity of silicone elastomers. The presently existing knowledge has been achieved from long-time field and laboratory tests. Because of the complexity of the stress factors, the results are not always comparable. Thus, systematic laboratory experiments have to be performed to be able to validate the influence of different material parameters. This paper deals with experiments on the influence of single stress parameters on the hydrophobicity. The results are compared with the electrical behavior of droplet layers on the silicone mbber surfaces. 

Constant product quality requires an even feed rate, homogeneous bulk density of the material to be treated, uniform densification, and reproducible maximum pressure. This statement is true for all pressure agglomeration methods. However, while these conditions can be met relatively easily in die and roller presses with proper feed preparation and specific equipment parameters, it is rather difficult to achieve in extrusion. The reason for this is that densification and maximum pressure depend on the resistance to flow in the die channel or holes. Small variations in feed homogeneity or frictional properties can yield major differences in equipment performance and product quality. Wear or buildup in the extrusion die are among the most important parameters influencing the back-pressure which, in turn, is responsible for the amount of densification prior to extrusion. 

MEMS devices have to meet certain criteria with respect to their functional parameters, for example, a scale factor, offset of the output value, temperature coefficient, nonlinearity, hysteresis, noise, resolution, and cross sensitivities, which characterize the system s performance. In addition, we are interested in the reliability, yield, and cost of the devices. The set of functional parameters depends on a set of model parameters, consisting of processing, material, and geometrical parameters. All model parameters act as input parameters for the design procedure as well as for the manufacturing process. Material parameters are influenced by... 

Carbon supports strongly affect fuel cell performance. They may influence the intrinsic catalytic activity and catalyst utilization, but also affect mass transport and ohmic losses. This makes analyses of the role of carbon materials rather complicated. Although numerous studies have been devoted to the carbon support improvement, only a few have attempted to establish relationships between the substructural characteristics of carbon support materials and cell performance. The influence of carbon supports on the intrinsic catalytic activity is the subject of Section 12.6.1. In Section 12.6.2 we consider the influence of support on macrokinetic parameters such as the catalyst utilization, mass transport, and ohmic losses. In Section 12.6.3 we review briefly recent data obtained upon utilization of novel carbon materials as supports for fuel cell electrocatalysts. 

Abstract To better understand the coupling of thermal (T), hydraulic (H) and mechanical (M) processes (T-H-M processes) and their influence on the system behaviour, models allowing T-H-M coupling are developed. These models allow simulations in the near-field of the system. Such a model has been developed within the simulator RockFlow/RockMech. This paper concentrates on the thermal and hydraulic processes. For those processes, the material parameters and state variables are highly non-linear and mostly functions of temperature, saturation and pressure. This paper shows how these dependencies are formulated mathematically and are implemented into RockFlow/RockMech. The implementation allows phase changes between the fluid phases (gas and liquid) to occur explicitly. The model allows the simulation of very low permeability clays with high capillary pressures. An example for code validation is shown, where low permeability clay is desaturated, lastly, current work on the calculations performed in the near field study (BMTl) of the DECOY ALEX III project is outlined. 

In this paper we have reviewed the structures appearing at onset of electro-convection in nematic liquid crystals. The influence of the relevant material parameters (ca and ao) and the role of the initial director alignment were explored. Our calculations using a linear stability analysis of the standard model of electroconvection (performed for zero frequency) revealed that four different scenarios characterized by different ranges of the wavenumber q can be identified (1) the Qf= 0 mode (a homogeneous deformation known as the Freedericksz transition) predicted and observed in cases C, D, E and H, which is... 

Hie A, Simoes M, Baranton S, Coutanceau C, Martemianov S (2011) Influence of operational parameters and of catalytic materials on electrical performance of direct glycerol solid alkaline membrane fuel cells. J Power Sources 196 4965-4971... 

The complementary description of the influence of the built-in field will be performed below by means of the free energy (3.16) minimization over polarization Pv. In this approach, all the size effects will be obtained through the dependence of the transition temperature Tf([) on film thickness 1. This temperature depends also on extrapolation length and other material parameters, see expression (3.18). It is worth to mention, that the existence of non-zero built-in field leads to appearance of odd powers of polarization terms in a free energy, which is absent in bulk samples of cubic symmetry (see Refs. [48,49] for details). 

From the preparation experiments which were performed, significant parameters influencing the yields as well as properties of plasma pr uced catalysts could be identified. They concern the nature of the hydrocarbon medium, electrodes material and electrodes geometry. 

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