Material flows analysis

As the collective LCA studies on plastics show, these three life cycles have in many cases not been respected. The LCA framework does not force the user to do so. In order to do that, additional tools may have to be used, especially Material Flow Analysis. 

Pacyna JM (2009) SOCOPSE Source control of priority substances in Europe material flow analysis for selected priority substances... 

Pacyna JM (2007) Material flow analysis for selected priority substances. SOCOPSE - Source control of priority substances in Europe. Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway. http //www. socopse.se/download/18.2f3a7b311a7c8064438000936916/Annexe+4. +Deliverable++2+1. pdf... 

Brunner and Rechberger [13] consider material flow analysis (MFA) to be a valuable tool for the tracing of stocks and flows of materials in a system defined in time and extension. Therefore the related SFA is supposed to be a valuable tool... 

Brunner PH, Rechberger H (2004) Practical handbook of material flow analysis. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton... 

Cencic O, Rechberger H (2008) Material flow analysis with software STAN. J Environ Eng manag 18(1) 3—7... 

Saurat, M. (2006). Material Flow Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment... 

Gottschalk, F., Sonderer, T., Scholz, R.W. and Nowack, B. (2010) Possibilities and limitations of modeling environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials by probabilistic material flow analysis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 29, 1036-1048. 

Recently, terms such as life cycle inventory (LCI), cradle-to-grave-analysis, eco-balancing, and material flow analysis have come into use. 

The next measures are more adequate for analyzing the efficiency of a process by material-flow analysis (MFA). Two types of materials can be distinguished ... 

Morf et al. (2003) conducted a detailed material flow analysis of PBDEs and TBBPA in Switzerland as of the late 1990s. They calculated that over the past 20 years, a reservoir of approximately 12 000 tonnes of BFRs has been amassed in Switzerland. In the late 1990s the reservoirs of penta- and deca-BDE were decreasing but that of TBBPA was increasing (Figure 8.7). We summarize their results for octa- and deca-BDE and TBBPA. 

Brunner, P, Rechberger, H. H. (2004) Practical Hand-book of Material Flow Analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 

Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Materials Count The Case for Material Flows Analysis, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2004. Available at www.nap.edu. 

Material flow analysis, in which mass balances are used to identify P2 opportunities... 

Execute a waste stream audit using the material flow analysis, primarily for determining the composition of the waste stream(s) and the associated mechanism of waste formation. 

SOCOPSE is looking mostly at hazardous priority pollutants to provide guidelines and decision support tools for their management at river basin scale. Its activities include material flow analysis, a series of detailed substances reports, identification of measures and management options, and application to fonr case studies. A strong interaction with industry research networks, authorities and NGOs is envisaged. 

The following measures can be used to evaluate the environmental efficiency of a process in term of material flow analysis (Christ, 1999). 

A continuous gas flow with a fixed bed of powder (reactor b) is considered to be the most practical for the first stage of development. The principle of this type of reactor is given here by referring to Ruthven s textbook (19), where irreversible adsorption and the fixation reaction are treated in the same way. The material flow analysis is outlined in the next section. 

Material Flow Analysis (MFA). It is possible however to estimate a productivity parameter based on the reaction equation (ideal model). This parameter is the theoretical balance yield BA, defined as follows ... 

BA (real balance yield) and BA, (theoretical balance yield) play a central role in material flow analysis MFA (Trade Mark of BTC Dr. Dr. Steinbach GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). 

MFA is also a method of carrying out material flow analysis and ecobalances. 

Reprinted from Herva, M., Alvarez, A., Roca, E. Combined application of energy and material flow analysis and ecological footprint for the environmental evaluation of a tailoring factory. Journal of Hazardous Materials 237—238, 231—239. Copyright (2012), with permission from Elsevier. 

Mutha, N. H., Patel, M. K., Premnath, V, Plastics materials flow analysis for india. Conservation and Recycling. 3, 222-244 (2006). 

Material and energy flow analyses with material flow analysis tools and flow sheet simulation systems are carried out to assess as well as to balance and configure technical processes. Economic evaluations are based on the results material and energy flow analyses. Examples for such works are [39, 75]. To determine investments and raw material, energy and total production costs as well as revenues static and dynamic investment calculation methods are carried out... 

Figure 4.20 A material flow analysis (MFA) representation for integrating an industrial process into a watershed [50].

Figure 4.22 Coupling of material flow analysis (MFA) and mass integration [51].

El-Baz AA, Ewida KT, Shouman MA, El-Halwagi MM. Material flow analysis and integration of watersheds and drainage systems I. Simulation and application to ammonium management in Bahr El-Baqar drainage system. Clean Techn Environ Policy 2005 7 51-61. 

Figure 13.7 Block flow diagram of current polyfmethyl methacrylate) (PMMA) monomer recycling process. MIB, Methyl isobutyrate MA, methyl acrylate MMA dimer, 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester [87]. Modified from Kikuchi Y, Hirao M, Sugiyama H, Papadokonstantakis S, Hungerbuehler K, Ookubo T, et al. Design of recycling system for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Part 2 process hazards and material flow analysis. Int J Life Cycle Assess 20i4 i9(2) 307—19.

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