Mass spectroscopy applications

Mass spectroscopy, has, of course, been applied to polymer analysis problems either in conjunction with a prior chromatographic separation or not. In this chapter some non-chromatographic applications of various types of mass spectroscopy are reviewed. Complementary chromatography-mass spectroscopy applications are reviewed in Chapters 3 to 7. 

McFadden, W. (1973). Techniques of Combined Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectroscopy Applications in Organic Analysis, John Wiley Interscience, New York. 

Hagenhoff, B. (1995). Surface mass spectroscopy—Application to biosensor characterisation. Biosens. Bioelectron. 10, 885. 

Bridging hydride ligands are usually more firmly bound than their terminal counterparts, and are readily characterized by spectroscopic methods such as NMR and mass spectroscopy. Application of the NMR spectroscopy is sometimes difficult because of low solubility and... 

The modern electronic industry has played a very important role in the development of instrumentation based on physical-analytical methods As a result, a rapid boom in the fields of infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman, and mass spectroscopy and vapor-phase (or gas-liquid) chromatography has been observed. Instruments for these methods have become indispensable tools in the analytical treatment of fluonnated mixtures, complexes, and compounds The detailed applications of the instrumentation are covered later in this chapter. 

Analytic applications Ionic liquid as matrix for mass spectroscopy Armstrong et al. 4... 

Some applications of mass spectroscopy in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. J. M. Miller and G. L. Wilson, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 1976,18, 229-285 (301). 

Some Applications of Mass Spectroscopy in Inorganic and Organometallic... 

The brief history, operation principle, and applications of the above-mentioned techniques are described in this chapter. There are several other measuring techniques, such as the fluorometry technique. Scanning Acoustic Microscopy, Laser Doppler Vibrometer, and Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, which are successfully applied in micro/nanotribology, are introduced in this chapter, too. 

At present, most workers hold a more realistic view of the promises and difficulties of work in electrocatalysis. Starting in the 1980s, new lines of research into the state of catalyst surfaces and into the adsorption of reactants and foreign species on these surfaces have been developed. Techniques have been developed that can be used for studies at the atomic and molecular level. These techniques include the tunneling microscope, versions of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and of photoelectron spectroscopy, differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy, and others. The broad application of these techniques has considerably improved our understanding of the mechanism of catalytic effects in electrochemical reactions. 

The structure of the second edition follows that of the first edition, with novel applications contained in sections attached to the individual chapters. The present chapter covers mass spectroscopy, with additional applications being found in the individual chapters, as well as advances in common detectors, unusual modes of chromatography, and general theoretical advances. 

A detailed description of sources used in atmospheric pressure ionization by electrospray or chemical ionization has been compiled.2 Atmospheric pressure has been used in a wide array of applications with electron impact, chemical ionization, pressure spray ionization (ionization when the electrode is below the threshold for corona discharge), electrospray ionization, and sonic spray ionization.3 Interferences potentially include overlap of ions of about the same mass-charge ratio, mobile-phase components, formation of adducts such as alkali metal ions, and suppression of ionization by substances more easily ionized than the analyte.4 A number of applications of mass spectroscopy are given in subsequent chapters. However, this section will serve as a brief synopsis, focusing on key techniques. 

Perhaps the most revolutionary development has been the application of on-line mass spectroscopic detection for compositional analysis. Polymer composition can be inferred from column retention time or from viscometric and other indirect detection methods, but mass spectroscopy has reduced much of the ambiguity associated with that process. Quantitation of end groups and of co-polymer composition can now be accomplished directly through mass spectroscopy. Mass spectroscopy is particularly well suited as an on-line GPC technique, since common GPC solvents interfere with other on-line detectors, including UV-VIS absorbance, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic detectors. By contrast, common GPC solvents are readily adaptable to mass spectroscopic interfaces. No detection technique offers a combination of universality of analyte detection, specificity of information, and ease of use comparable to that of mass spectroscopy. 

Ion beam probes are used in a wide range of techniques, including Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). The applications of these and number of other uses of ion beam probes are discussed. 

Different experimental approaches were applied in the past [6, 45] and in recent years [23, 46] to study the nature of the organic residue. But the results or their interpretation have been contradictory. Even at present, the application of modem analytical techniques and optimized electrochemical instruments have led to different results and all three particles given above, namely HCO, COH and CO, have been recently discussed as possible methanol intermediates [14,15,23,46,47]. We shall present here the results of recent investigations on the electrochemical oxidation of methanol by application of electrochemical thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (ECTDMS) on-line mass spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform IR-reflection-absorption spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS). 

Tykot, R. H. and S. M. M. Young (1996), Archaeological applications for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, in Orna, M. V. (ed.), Archaeological Chemistry, Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 5, ACS, Washington, DC, pp. 116-130. 

Corkill, I Sisson, P. R. Smyth, A. Deveney, J. Freeman, R. Shears, P. Heaf, D. Hart, C. A. Application of pyrolysis mass spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE in the study of the epidemiology of Pseudomonas cepacia in cystic fibrosis. I. Med. Microbiol. 1994, 41,106-111. 

The industrial application of Plasma Induced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PICVD) of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon films has led to extensive studies of gas phase and surface processes connected with the deposition process. We are investigating the time response of the concentration of species involved in the deposition process, namely SiH4, Si2H6, and H2 by relaxation mass spectroscopy and SiH2 by laser induced fluorescence. 

Williams, D.H. Budzikiewicz, H. Pelah, Z. Djerassi, C. Mass Spectroscopy and Its Application to Structural and Stereochemical Problems. XLIV. Fragmentation Behavior of Monocychc Ketones. Monatsh. Chem. 1964,95,166-177. 

Gieniec, J. Mack, L.L. Nakamae, K. Gupta, C. Kumar, V. Dole, M. ESI Mass Spectroscopy of Macromolecules Application of an Ion-Drift Spectrometer. Bio-med. Mass Spectrom. 1984,11, 259-268. 

To optimize the applicability of the electrothermal vaporization technique, the most critical requirement is the design of the sample transport mechanism. The sample must be fully vaporized without any decomposition, after desolvation and matrix degradation, and transferred into the plasma. Condensation on the vessel walls or tubing must be avoided and the flow must be slow enough for elements to be atomized efficiently in the plasma itself. A commercial electrothermal vaporizer should provide flexibility and allow the necessary sample pretreatment to introduce a clean sample into the plasma. Several commercial systems are now available, primarily for the newer technique of inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. These are often extremely expensive, so home built or cheaper systems may initially seem attractive. However, the cost of any software and hardware interfacing to couple to the existing instrument should not be underestimated. 

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