Mass concentration calculation

Other measurements important to visual air quality are pollutant related, i.e., the size distribution, mass concentration, and number concentration of airborne particles and their chemical composition. From the size distribution, the Mie theory of light scattering can be used to calculate the scattering coefficient (20). Table 14-2 summarizes the different types of visual monitoring methods (21). 

If the concentration of the chemical in the wastestream was measured by monitoring equipment and the flow rate of the wastestream was determined by mass balance, then the primary basis of estimate is "monitoring" (M). Even though a mass balance calculation also contributed to the estimate, "Monitoring should be indicated because monitoring data was used to estimate the concentration of the waste stream. 

The facility wastewater monitoring program does not determine the concentration of lead and lead compounds in the scrubber discharge water, and releases to the surface impoundment (releases to land) must be calculated using mate-riai balance information. These releases to land are determined from the amount of lead removed by the scrubber (using the efficiency data provided by the scrubber manufacturer). The volume of the scrubber blowdown Is found to be 1,500 pounds per year. Enter the estimate of the amount of lead and lead compounds released to surface Impoundments in the space provided in Part III, Section 5.5.3 of the form. Because releases of lead to the surface Impoundment are greater than 999 pounds per year, you must enter the actual calculated amount in column A.2 of Section 5.5.1. The basis for the estimate of releases to the surface impoundment, entered in column B of Section 5, is mass balance calculations (code C). 

Sodium chloride has a relative molecular mass of 58.44. A 0.1000M solution is prepared by weighing out 2.922 g of the pure dry salt (see Section 10.74) and dissolving it in 500 mL of water in a graduated flask. Alternatively about 2.9 g of the pure salt is accurately weighed out, dissolved in 500 mL of water in a graduated flask and the molar concentration calculated from the weight of sodium chloride employed. 

The culture supernatant of K. marxianus was concentrated using PEG (20,000 Da) and the protein obtained was applied onto the column. Four peaks containing pectinolytic activities were resolved (Figure 1), and the molecular masses were calculated against markers as Mr of 47 kDa, 41 kDa, 35 kDa, and 33 kDa. 

A very approximate mass balance calculation for the whole range of employed SO2 concentrations based on known amount of SO2... 

The classical electrochemical methods are based on the simultaneous measurement of current and electrode potential. In simple cases the measured current is proportional to the rate of an electrochemical reaction. However, generally the concentrations of the reacting species at the interface are different from those in the bulk, since they are depleted or accumulated during the course of the reaction. So one must determine the interfacial concentrations. There axe two principal ways of doing this. In the first class of methods one of the two variables, either the potential or the current, is kept constant or varied in a simple manner, the other variable is measured, and the surface concentrations are calculated by solving the transport equations under the conditions applied. In the simplest variant the overpotential or the current is stepped from zero to a constant value the transient of the other variable is recorded and extrapolated back to the time at which the step was applied, when the interfacial concentrations were not yet depleted. In the other class of method the transport of the reacting species is enhanced by convection. If the geometry of the system is sufficiently simple, the mass transport equations can be solved, and the surface concentrations calculated. 

Mass balance calculations were performed on till samples using Sn concentrations. Tin concentrations in till are sensitive to grain size partitioning and differing analytical methods, thus results from these calculations are qualitative. In the till, concentration gains relative to Sn in Zn, Au, Cd, Hg and Co were obvious after performing the calculations all of... 

Table 1 presents the results of fractionations of the DOM. The result of mass balance calculation of the DOC system shows that more than 55 % of the total DOC was retained by XAD-8 resin column, involving the portions of Ho A and HbN/B, and DOC concentrations of the portion eluted by blackwashing (HoA) accounted for 47.4 % of total DOC, as compared with 26.25 % hydrophilic acids (HiA) of the total DOC. More than 11% of the total DOC passed through two resin columns, indicating that small molecular weight polar components were not absorbed onto by XAD-8 and XAD-4. The fractionation did cause potential loss of organic matter by permanent adsorption onto resin s polymers, which were 8.34 % for the XAD-8 resin and 6.41 % for the XAD-4 resin, respectively. 

The representation of the biological conservation of substrate to cell mass by an overall chemical reaction. The stoichiometric relationships are then used to calculate various rates such as cell mass concentration [83]. 

If we calculate the mass concentration, cp, which would correspond to a cubic array of particles with a center-center distance of L, Eq. (29) can be written in terms of concentration to yield... 

Empirical [65-79] Equilibration technique The most direct approach is to equilibrate the organic pollutant in the octanol/water system and measure its concentration in both phases Concentrations derived from mass balance calculation, though less time-consuming, can introduce considerably more uncertainty... 

On occasion, the concentration is measured in only one phase, with concentration in the other being derived from a mass balance calculation Other experimental considerations in obtaining accurate values by this approach have been discussed by several workers... 

Values for II can be determined experimentally at different mass concentrations. The ratio n/w2, plotted against W2 and extrapolated to W2 = 0, gives a value of RT/M2-The unknown molar mass then is calculated. 

In a separate study ( ) aerosol species mass distributions were successfully used to calculate the contribution of each species to the extinction coefficient. Unfortunately, such detailed data is not usually available. At most air monitoring stations, only the total aerosol species mass concentrations, M -, are determined from filter samples. Statistical methods have been used to infer chemical species contributions to the particle light extinction coefficient ( ). For such analyses it is assumed that bgp can be represented as a linear combination of the total species mass concentrations, M-j, viz.. 

It was found that the requirements were satisfied for application of the linear regression technique to species mass concentrations in a multicomponent aerosol. The results of 254 particle size distributions measured at China Lake in 1979 indicate that the normalized fine aerosol volume distribution remained approximately constant. The agreement between the calculated and measrued fine particle scattering coefficients was excellent. The measured aerosol sulfur mass distribution usually followed the total distribution for particles less than 1 ym. It was assumed that organic aerosol also followed the total submicron distribution. 

A mass balance for fine particle aerosol can be calculated from the carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and mass concentration data... 

In Eggborough power plant it was found that Zn, Pb, Mo, Cu and As are concentrated in the fly ash compared with the bottom ash, whereas for the other trace elements studied (Ba, Cr, Nb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zr) there was very little fractionation (Martinez-Tarazona Spears 1996, tables 3 and 4). Mass balance calculations show that for the elements studied only S and As are depleted in the combustion ashes and all the other elements analysed appear to have been retained. Not included within the analyses were Hg, Cl, and F, and loss of these elements would be anticipated based on their volatility (Sloss Davidson 2001). 

Now we compare the above osmotic pressure data with the scaled particle theory. The relevant equation is Eq. (27) for polydisperse polymers. In the isotropic state, it can be shown that Eq. (27) takes the same form as Eq. (20) for the monodisperse system though the parameters (B, C, v, and c ) have to be calculated from the number-average molecular weight M and the total polymer mass concentration c of a polydisperse system pSI in the parameters B and C is unity in the isotropic state. No information is needed for the molecular weight distribution of the sample. On the other hand, in the liquid crystal state2, Eq. (27) does not necessarily take the same form as Eq. (20), because p5I depends on the molecular weight distribution. 

Equation (32) has been compared with phase boundary concentration data in the following way. For each solution, N of the polymer sample is estimated from Mw or the viscosity-average molecular weight Mv along with the molecular parameters ML and q listed in Table 1, and d is calculated with d from II or 0II/0c data. For systems which lack these data, the values of d from the (partial) specific volume vsp may be substituted. Table 2 lists the resulting values of d from II, 0II/0c, or vsp for various systems. The phase boundary volume fractions vc v ( = vc v v = I and A) are calculated from experimental phase boundary weight fractions (or mass concentrations) with d, Mw (or Mv), and Ml. Finally, with these numerical results, [vc v/dav(d)] — AV(N, d) is computed... 

In clinical chemistry, interpretation of the data can be quite simple or complex. In the case of MS/MS applications pertaining to a single analyte, all that is needed is the intensity value from the mass of a peak of interest and its internal standard. Viewing of a spectrum is not necessary. For profile methods such as full-scan acylcarni-tines, amino acids, or other compound families, the interpretation is more complex. With multiple related components, calculation of the concentration of many key metabolites is required. The system generally has multiple internal standards, external standards, or both. In addition to the concentration calculations, examination of a profile is often best achieved by viewing the spectra together with the quantitative information. 

Yeast cells grow in the exponential phase. The cell mass concentrations are given in Table 4.4. Calculate the specific growth rate,... 

Salt concentrations were obtained by the addition of known weights of dried salt to the solvent mixture. The compositions of the condensed equilibrium vapor samples and the previously prepared ethanol-water charges to the still were determined as previously outlined. The mole fractions of the salt, ethanol, and water charged to the Othmer still were thus accurately determined by mass balance calculations. 

For calculating the molar and mass concentrations in the gas phase, assume that TeMB behaves like an ideal gas (pV= nRT). Then the gas phase concentration, Cig, is given by ... 

From the above data, calculate the mass concentration of elemental copper in the 250 pi aliquot of the sample solution. 

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