Mass brominated flame retardants

Morris, S., Bersuder, R, Allchin, C. R., Zegers, B., Boon, J. R, Leonards, R. E. G., de Boer, J. (2006) Determination of the brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane, in sediments and biota by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. TrAC, 25 343-349. 

Guerra, P de la Torre, A. Martinez, M.A. Eljarrat, E. Barceld, D., Identification and trace level determination of brominated flame retardants by liquid chromatography/quadmpole linear ion trap mass spectrometry Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 22, 916-924. 

Vonderheide, A. P., Montes-Bayon, M., and Caruso, J. A. 2002. Development and application of a method for the analysis of brominated flame retardants by fast gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. J Anal Atom Spectrom 17(11), 1480-1485. 

Another MS/MS application for ion trap mass spectrometry involves the analysis of polybrominated flame retardants (PBDEs). As a result of regulations promulgated during the past flve years, such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) [61] and other similar programs, there has been a determined effort to decrease the use of brominated flame retardants in the manufacture of consumer products. The chemical structure for a typical PBDE is illustrated in Eigure 15.42. 

Low thermal stability aromatic polymers with high SEA (ABS, EP, PS) produce 50% more smoke per imit mass when brominated flame retardants are added... 

An additional technique that has been found useful in analysis of the composition of polymers and blends is liquid chromatography. Pasch and Rode used the critical point of adsorption of the least polar component of a blend to determine the liquid chromatographic conditions for separating blends of polymethacrylates into components (50). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with mass spectroscopy was used to analyze the components of an epoxy resin (51). HPLC has also been used with a precipitation-redissolution technique to separate polymer molecular weights for several polymers as a shorter technique compared to SEC (52). Reverse-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection was useful in qualitative determination of brominated flame retardants in polymeric waste materials (53). 

Li Y, Wang T, Hashi Y, Li H, Lin JM. Determination of brominated flame retardants in electrical and electronic equipments with microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2009 78 1429-35. 

Debrauwer L, Riu A, Jouahri M, Rathahao E, Jouanin I, Antignac JP, et al. Probing new approaches using atmospheric pressure photo ionization for the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their related degradation products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005 1082(1) 98—109. 

Bacaloni A, CalUpo L, Corradini E, Giansanti P, Gubbiotti R, Samperi R, et al. Liquid chromatography—negative ion atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental water and industrial effluents. J Chromatogr A 2009 1216(36) 6400—9. 

Trace Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, LCGC Europe Supplement, July 2006. 

Low thermal stability aromatic polymers with high SEA (ABS, EP, PS) produce 50% more smoke per unit mass when brominated flame retardants are added to inhibit combustion. These materials, listed at the bottom of Table 15, produce 5-20 times more smoke per unit mass than the commodity and engineering polymers in the top half of the table. Silicones are anomalous with respect to... 

The role of antimony halides as flame-retardant species in the gaseous phase is well established when SbX3 (X = chlorine or bromine) is introduced into premixed methane-oxygen flames, atomic antimony and antimony monoxide are found in the flame.43 Sb203 was shown by mass spectrometry to be present only in the preflame zone and no antimony-halogen species could be detected in the flame itself. 

Brominated Epoxy Resins. The conventional DGEBA epoxy resins are flammable when cured. In an adhesive, flammability is generally not considered critically important because the mass of adhesive in any one area is relatively small. However, in certain applications (printed-circuit manufacture, aircraft interiors, furniture, etc.) nonflammability is an important criterion. Flame-retardant additives and chlorinated curing agents have been used to impart nonflammability to epoxy resins. 

Different flame-retardant elements have different reducing effects on the flammability of plastics. The mass percentages of incorporated phosphorus, chlorine, and bromine which diminish the flammability of various plastics to the level at which the horizontal rod specimen does not bum along, according to ASTM D 635, are compared in Table 5.3. 

Flame retardants in polymer electronic waste were also identified by HPLC-UV/MS, and a comparison with GPC-HPLC-UV was carried out. Brominated and phosphate-based flame retardants were determined. Pressurized liquid extraction followed by HPLC-UV/MS proved to be a powerful tool and covCTed aU the compounds studied. GPC-HPLC-UV could be part of a routine quality control as reproducibility and limit of quantification are sufficient to give accurate results at levels around 0.1% dry mass. 

The molar inhibition efficiency of the halogen atoms X = bromine (Br), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F) is foimd to be in the ratio Br/Cl/F = 10/2/1 ie, bromine is 10 times more efficient than fluorine and 5 times more efficient than chlorine on a mole basis. On a mass basis the inhibitor efficiency is Br/Cl/F = 2/1/1, which explains the widespread use of bromine-containing monomers and additives as flame retardants (4-10). 

Bromine is used to prepare the pesticide methyl bromide and flame retardants for plastic electronic housings. It is recovered from seawater, underground hrines, and the Dead Sea. The average concentrations of hromine in seawater (d = 1.024 g/mL) and the Dead Sea (d = 1.22 g/mL) are 0.065 g/L and 0.50 g/L, respectively. What is the mass ratio of hromine in the Dead Sea to that in seawater ... 

The mass numbers 79, 80 and 82 are depicted in Figure 5. They show two peak maxima in the temperature range 250. .. 550°C. As the sample contains brominated epoj resin (flame retardant function of bromine compounds), these fragments are 7 Br, FP Br ( /e = 80) and H Br ( /e = 82) as well as aromatic fragments. 

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