Martens method

Details of the ASTM D648-04 [1] and the DIN 53458 (withdrawn) methods for determining the temperature of deflection under load are given in Table 16.1. 

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Methods of test for petroleum and its products. Determination of open, flash and fire point. Pensky-Martens method. 

A good applications-oriented measure of the use temperature for a ma-teral is the heat distortion or heat deflection test (HDT). The HDT is described by ASTM-D648 as the temperature at which a sample of defined dimensions (5 X Vi X Vs (or Va) in.) deflects under a flexural load of 66 or 264 psi placed at its center. In case of a largely amorphous polymer, the HDT temperature is typically slightly (10 to 20 °C) lower than the Tg as determined by DSC or DTA, whereas with more-crystalline polymers, it more closely correlates with the Tm. The HDT temperature is a useful indicator of the temperature limits for structural (load-supporting) applications. A loaded cantilever beam is used in another heat deflection test called the Martens method. 

The minimum flash point is usually defined by the Abel method (IP 170), except for high-flash kerosene, where the Pensky-Martens method (ASTM D-93, IP 34) is specified. The TAG method (ASTM D-56) is used for both the minimum and maximum limits, whereas certain military specifications also give minimum limits by the Pensky-Martens method (ASTM D-93, IP 34). The Abel method (IP 170) can give results up to 2-3 C (3-5°F) lower than the TAG method (ASTM D-56). 

Flash Point. Flash points were determined by the Tag closed cup method (16) rather than by the Pensky-Martens method (20) as called for in the specifications for JP-5 (3) and DFM (5). The Tag closed cup, however, is specified for JP-8 ( 4). 

Temperature of deflection under load or heat deflection or distribution temperature (Martens Method) °C ASTMD648-04[01] ... 

W.R. Hruschka, Data analysis wavelength selection methods, pp. 35-55 in P.C. Williams and K. Norris, eds. Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. Am. Cereal Assoc., St. Paul MI, 1987. P. Geladi, D. McDougall and H. Martens, Linearization and scatter-correction for near-infrared reflectance spectra of meat. Appl. Spectrosc., 39 (1985) 491-500. 

Reed S.T., Martens D.C. Copper and zinc . In Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods. Sparks D.L., ed. Madison, WI SSSA Book Ser. 5, 1996. 

Kovacs-Hadady and Kiss [27] studied the chromatographic characteristics of thia-zolidinecarboxylic acid derivatives, formed by reaction of (i>) and (L)-penicillamine with various substituted benzaldehydes and heterocyclic aldehydes in order to evaluate the aldehydes as derivatizing agents for separation of the penicillamine enantiomers. The TLC method of Martens et al. [28] was used. Transformation to thiazolidine carboxylic acids with benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes was not complete, so formaldehyde is still the preferred reagent for separation of the enantiomers. 

A comprehensive two-volume Handbook of Chemometrics and Qualimetrics has been published by D. L. Massart et al. (1997) and B. G. M. Vandeginste et al. (1998) predecessors of this work and historically interesting are Chemometrics A Textbook (Massart et al. 1988), Evaluation and Optimization of Laboratory Methods and Analytical Procedures (Massart et al. 1978), and The Interpretation of Analytical Chemical Data by the Use of Cluster Analysis (Massart and Kaufmann 1983). A classical reference is still Multivariate Calibration (Martens and Naes 1989). A dictionary with extensive explanations containing about 1700 entries is The Data Analysis Handbook (Frank and Todeschini 1994). 

To acquire information on the intrinsic metabolic activity of aquatic organisms, liver of carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and freshwater snail (Cipango-paludina japonica Martens) was dissected out, homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and centrifuged at 105,000 g for 60 min to obtain the microsome-equivalent (described as the microsomal fraction hereafter) fraction. The protein content of microsomal and submicrosomal (supernatant fractions by Lowry s method, microsomal P-450 content ( ), activity of aniline hydroxylase (4) and aminopyrine N-demethylase (5) were determined. 

Hughes, J.M., Hardy, D.R., and Beal, EJ. A flash point value for n-dodecane based on the manual Pensky-Martens closed cup method (ASTM-D-93), Energy Fuels, 10(6) 1276-1277, 1996. 

H. Martens and E. Stark, Extended multiplicative signal correction and spectral interference subtraction new preprocessing methods for near infrared spectroscopy, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 9, 625-35 (1991). 

In the method of Martens a test rod is mounted upright in a support and the upper free end is put under a bending stress via a small weighted lever. The rod is slowly heated in an oven until a specified deflection is attained. The softening point determined in this way is called the Martens temperature. 

One reason for the inclusion of a large number of variables is tliat typical analytical chemistry data do not obey some of the assumptions of the statistical methods used in variable selection (Martens and Naes, 1989). The results from these algorithms can therefore only be used as a guide and should not be... 

With PLS, the covariance of the measurements with the concentrations is used in addition to the variance in R to generate U. This distinction between PLS and PCR is depicted in Figure. 89 where the only difference between the methods is in the first step (estimation of U). As with PCR, PLS is not commonly implemented using a two-step process, but is presented this way for clarity. For more details, sec Martens and Nass (1989). 

Wold, S., Martens, H., Wold, H. The multivariate calibration problem in chemistry solved by the PLS method. Lecture notes in mathematics . Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, in press... 

Martens, H., Jensen, S. A. Partial least squares regression A new two-stage NIR calibration method in Proceedings of the 7-th World Cereal and Bread Congress, Prague, 1982, Elsevier, Amsterdam, in press... 

This specification defines the Pensky-Martens Closed Flash Tester as used in ASTM Method D93, Test for Flash Point by Pensky-Marcens Closed Tester... 

Al.l The low-range thermometer, which conforms also to the specifications of the cup thermometer in the Tag Closed Tester (ASTM Method D 56, Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester) and which frequently is fitted with a metal ferrule intended to fit the collar on the lid of the Tag Flash Tester, can be supplemented by an adapter (Fig Al) to be used in the larger diam collar of the Fen sky-Martens apparatus. Differences in dimensions of these collars, which do not affect test results are a source of unnecessary trouble to manufacturers and suppliers of instruments, as well as to users... 

A1.2 Subcommittee 21 on Metalware Laboratory Apparatus, of Committee E-l on Methods of Testing, has studied this problem and has established some dimensional requirements which are shown in Fig Al. Conformity to these requirements is not mandatory, but is desirable to users as well as suppliers of Pensky-Martens Testers... 

Tor a treatise on this subject, sec Morrison Asymmetric Synthesis, 5 vols. [vol. 4 co-cditcd by Scott] Academic Press New York, 1983-1985. For books, see N6gr4di Stereoselective Synthesis VCH New York, 1986 Eliel Olsuka Asymmetric Reactions and Processes in Chemistry American Chemical Society Washington, 1982 Morrison Mosher Asymmetric Organic Reactions Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1971, paperback reprint, American Chemical Society Washington, 1976 Izumi Tai, Ref. I. For reviews, see Ward Chem. Soc. Rev. 1990, 19, 1-19 Whitesell Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 1581-1590 Fujita Nagao Adv. Heterocycl. Chem. 1989, 45, 1-36 Kochetkov Belikov Russ. Chem. Rev. 1987, 56, 1045-1067 Oppolzer Tetrahedron 1987, 43, 1969-2004 Seebach Imwinkelried Weber Mod. Synth. Methods 1986, 4, 125-259 ApSimon Collier Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 5157-5254 Mukaiyama Asami Top. Curr. Chem. 1985, 127, 133-167 Martens Top. Curr. Chem. 1984, 125, 165-246 Duhamel Duhamel Launay Plaqucvcnt Bull. Soc.Chim. Fr. 1984,11-421-11-430 Mosher Morrison Science 1983,221, 1013-1019 Schollkopf Top. Curr. Chem. 

However, what scientists really sought was to develop of instrumental and therefore quantitative methods of hardness estimation of minerals. They successively developed quasi-quantitative scratch methods with the use of a sclerometer (Seebeck in 1833 Martens in 1890 Jaggar in 1898),... 

Mackensen-Zeiss blower method, 39,101 Martens sclerometer, 48, 49 McGee s method, 92 Mean Mohs-Mackensen hardness, 106 Method, Blondel s 92 Bohme s disc, 90 Brinell, 36, 58 Davidenkov scratch point, 50 Davidenkov s, 50 dry friction without balls, 92 Harvey s 92... 

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