Market access States

The U.S. Trade Act 1972 required AUSFTA negotiators to facilitate the "elimination of government measures such as price controls and reference pricing which deny full market access for United States [pharmaceutical] products" (USC 2002, 107-210 2102 b.8.D). Official comments supported the position that the AUSFTA would make Australian consumers pay more for the R D costs of U.S. pharmaceuticals and set a precedent for "eliminating" a pharmaceutical cost-effectiveness pricing system (Shiner 2004). 

The European Union s (EU) goal of single-market access has finally arrived For the most part it appears to be working The EU s New Approach has reduced or in many cases eliminated the legal and technical differences between the member state countries that existed under the Old Approach. 

A better market access and reduction of uncertainty were very important advantages, in his point-of-view, since he works based on fixed price grid and cattle purchase, what reduced dramatically the uncertainty according to the producer. He also stated It is very important in the production of organic produce to ensure that it is bought at organic prices. I worked hard to get into this alliance because I could not see any other professional fixed return that was greater . 

The ETL SEMKO division of Intertek is a leader in testing, certifying, and inspecting products for global market access. The ETL Listed Mark is issued to products that have met the requirements of product safety standards in the United States and Canada. www.intertek-etlsemko.com... 

Regulatory systems for medical devices have an important role in supporting market access to technological innovations, while also ensuring the patients protection. To achieve these goals, the United States and Europe use a combination of premarket... 

With Liberalization of commercial air transport comes the opportunity for new carriers to compete for market access. It also gives existing carriers the opportunity to compete with each other as well as with the new entrants with a view to consolidating their positions in a liberalized market. There is an onerous burden on States to ensure that, hand in hand with unfettered competition among carriers. 

Supiot makes a good point which is particularly applicable to the air transport analogy. The lack of central laws and regulations in market access that would otherwise ensure fairness of competition and worn out perception of sovereignty has made States control market access through a certain parochial protectionism, opening the door for various deals in the market. 

If one side of the coin presents regulation of market access under the GATS Annex, the other side reflects the concept of open skies which conceptually reflects total liberalization of market access. A discussion of what is involved in such an arrangement bilaterally or multilaterally among States is best seen in the open skies agreement between the European Union and the United States. 

Nevertheless, the obvious value in terms of market access of slots at airports with severe constraints on capacity has led to the treatment of these slots as a de facto financial asset of the airlines holding them. Thus, the purchase by one airline of another will take into account an estimated value of the airport slots involved. However, regulatory authorities have retained the right to approve or disapprove the transfer of airport slots in this manner, primarily through the approval or disapproval of the purchase or merger involved. The only formal pricing of airport slots has occurred in the United States where the purchase, sale and lease of certain domestic slots at the four airports currently subject to the Eederal Aviation Administration s High Density Rule has been permitted since 1986. This has led... 

The restrictive influence of Article 6 has pervaded more than six decades where liberalization of market access in air transport has been stifled through bilateral negotiations between States who have flittered between pre determination of capacity and definition of market share. The result has been the progressive imbalance of the market and the gradual realization that the current bUateral structure is a hindrance to liberalization of air transport. For their part, States are trying to figure out how to liberalize the market. 

If 10% of the U.S. gasoline consumption were replaced by methanol for a twenty year period, the required reserves of natural gas to support that methanol consumption would amount to about one trillion m (36 TCF) or twice the 1990 annual consumption. Thus the United States could easily support a substantial methanol program from domestic reserves. However, the value of domestic natural gas is quite high. Almost all of the gas has access through the extensive pipeline distribution system to industrial, commercial, and domestic markets and the value of gas in these markets makes methanol produced from domestic natural gas uncompetitive with gasoline and diesel fuel, unless oil prices are very high. 

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