Ptychodiscus brevis

This chapter deals with single crystal x-ray diffraction as a tool to study marine natural product structures. A brief introduction to the technique is given, and the structure determination of PbTX-1 (brevetoxin A), the most potent of the neurotoxic shellfish poisons produced by Ptychodiscus brevis in the Gulf of Mexico, is presented as an example. The absolute configuration of the brevetoxins is established via the single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis of a chiral 1,2-dioxolane derivative of PbTX-2 (brevetoxin B). 

The possibility of managing a bloom of Ptychodiscus brevis has been considered for many years, and various limitations have been noted to the use of chemical control (3) or the use of control by some organisms (7). Chiefly, the problems are two-fold the volume to be treated and the limitations of the control agent. For example, a red tide may cover hundreds of square miles, it will be present in patches, and may be unevenly distributed through the water column. 

Baden, D. and Mende, T.J., Toxicity of two toxins from the Florida red tide marine dinoflagellate, Ptychodiscus brevis, Toxicon, 20, 2, 457, 1982. 

Risk, M., et al., Actions of Ptychodiscus brevis red tide toxin on metabolic and transmitter-releasing properties of synaptosomes, J. Neurochem., 39, 5, 1485, 1982. 

Toxins from Florida s Red Tide Dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis... 

Poiyether hemibrevetoxins Gymnodinium breve Davis [= Ptychodiscus brevis Davis], free Dinofl. Prasad 1989) brevetoxin-A-class Gymnodinium breve, free Dinofl. Rein 1994). 

Asai, S., Krzanowski, J.J., Anderson, W.H., Martin, D.F., Poison, J.B., Lockey, R.F., Bukantz, S.C., Szentivanyi, A. 1982. Effects of the toxin of red tide, Ptychodiscus brevis, on canine tracheal smooth muscle a possible new asthma triggering mechanism. J Allergy Clin Immunol 69, 418 28. 

Site of action of Ptychodiscus brevis within parasymphathetic axonal sodium channel h gate in airway smooth... 

Koley, J., Sinha, S., Basak, A.K., Das, M., Dube, A.N., Manunder, PK. 1995. Cardiovascular and respiratory changes following exposure to a synthetic toxin of Ptychodiscus brevis. EurJPharmacol Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, section 293, 483 86. 

Lin, Y.Y., Risk, M., Ray, S.M., Vanengen, D, Clardy, J, Golik, J, James, J.C., Nakanishi, K. 1981. Isolation and structure of brevetoxin-B from the red tide dinofiagellate Ptychodiscus brevis (Gymnodinium, Breve). Journal ofthe American Chemical Society 103, 6773-6775. 

Pierce, R. 1986. Red tide (Ptychodiscus brevis) toxin aerosols a review. Toxicon 24,955-965. 

Shimizu, Y., Chou, H.N., Bando, H., Vanduyne, G., and Clardy, J.C. 1986. Structure of brevetoxin-A (Gb-1 toxin), the most potent toxin in the Florida red tide organism Gymnodirtium breve (Ptychodiscus-Brevis). Journal of the American Chemical Society 108, 514-515. 

Watanabe, T, Locket, R.F., and Krzanowski, J.J. 1988. Airway smooth muscle contraction induced by Ptychodiscus brevis (red tide) toxin as related to a trigger mechanism of bronchial asthma. Immunol Allergy Pract 10, 185-192. 

Only one naturally occurring azide has been reported to date. 6-Azidotetrazolo[5,l-u]phthalazine (6) was isolated, by chloroform extraction and subsequent chromatographic purification, from unialgal cultures of Gymnodinium breve (Ptychodiscus brevis), a dinoflagellate responsible for the production of toxic red tides along the Gulf Coast of Florida [16]. The structure of this extraordinary secondary metabolite was determined by... 

Brevitoxin. Neurotoxin produced by the dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis. 

Catterall WA, Risk M (1981) Toxin T46 from Ptychodiscus brevis (formerly Gymno-dinium breve) enhances activation ofvoltage-sensitive sodium channels by veratridine. Mol Pharmacol 19 345-348... 

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