Marginal variable

If a specimen is only partially submerged, the attenuation value of the submerged portion will be marginally variable relative to the exposed portion. Likewise, the differing grayscale values from the fluid/air interface will present within the specimen acquisition when viewed. 

The EU ETS is a cap-and-trade system based primarily on the free allocation of a fixed amount of emission allowances to a set of covered installations. Companies can either use these allowances to cover the emissions resulting from the production of these installations or sell them to other companies that need additional allowances (Reinaud, 2005). Hence, for a company using an emission allowance, this represents an opportunity cost, regardless of whether the allowances are allocated for free or purchased at an auction or market. Therefore, in principle and in line with economic theory, a company is expected to add the costs of C02 emission allowances to its other marginal (variable) costs when making (short-term) production or trading decisions, even if the allowances are granted for free (Burtraw et al., 2002, 2005 Reinaud, 2003). 

Costs which may be measured should cover the direct costs incurred by the health care provider and (or) the patient (i.e. costs of hospitalisation, physician services, pharmaceuticals, etc.). Indirect costs to society of the productivity lost (e.g., due to the patient seeking care or costs resulting from disability or premature death). Data collected may also include intangible costs borne by patients in terms of pain and suffering their inclusion is subject to debate [8, p. 189]. There is an ongoing debate on how to measure direct costs (i.e. marginal, variable, fixed, average, capital and shared costs), whether to included indirect... 

Central U.S. Atlantic continental margin Variable Variable Unknown Fine-grained marine Increase Increase Increase... 

If > 0, then is a relevant variable at the free fixed point, while u is irrelevant there if < 0. Special situations correspond to e = 0 for which u is a marginal variable. The possibilities we need to consider are... 

If the sales volume exceeds the annual production rate by 10 percent and the inventory is valued at the sales price, then Eq. (9-153) shows that the profit margin is (A vf/As)100 = 0 percent. If the inventory is valued at the total variable cost, then the profit margin (A vf/As)100 = (0.1)(1 — 0.7) (100) = 3 percent. Hence, the value of the inventoiy is of vital importance. 

Methods 1, 2, and 4 are termed direct costing, variable costing, and marginal costing respectively. Although direct costing is being increas-... 

If auto-ignitions occur, then the design does not have sufficient safety margin between the auto-ignition delay time for the fuel and the residence time of the fuel in the pre-mix duct. Auto-ignition delay times for fuels do exist, but a literature search will reveal that there is considerable variability for a given fuel. Reasons for auto-ignition could be classified as follows ... 

These models, however, can be useful if estimates are to be made of operating costs. By assigning fixed and variable costs to each activity, average and marginal unit costs at each stage of the process can be easily calculated, which will assist in decisions regarding pricing policies or whether to buy in components and materials or make them on site. ATPLAN is an example of a network-based model of this type. 

In Figure 61.10 fixed costs are shown above the variable costs and the non-recovery of the fixed costs below the break-even point is more clearly demonstrated. The contribution to fixed costs is of significance in the consideration of marginal costing. 

NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) is defined as the highest dose at which no adverse effects are observed in the most susceptible animal species. The NOAEL is used as a basis for setting human safety standards for acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), taking into account uncertainty factors for extrapolation from animals to humans and inter-individual variabilities of humans. The adequacy of any margin of safety or margin of exposure must consider the nature and quality of the available hazard identification and dose-response data and the reliability and relevance of the exposure estimations. In some cases, no adverse endpoint can be identified such as for many naturally occurring compounds that are widespread in foods. In that case, an ADI Not Specified is assigned. ... 

The exercises described below will help the organic farmer to decide whether an enterprise should be started, expanded, modified, or even discontinued. There are different methods of costing absorption or full costing, and marginal or variable costing. These have different uses which are discussed below. 

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