Processing manure

Strategies for reducing pathogen loads in manure through manure processing... 

New sludge/manure processing techniques sludge and manure handling economics odour measurement and control sludge characterisation. 

A number of biogas plants for dung and manure processing are out of operation. Now in Dnepropetrovsk oblast a modem biogas plant is under construction that is supported by Dutch government. There was realized a... 

Wellinger A, Kaufmann R (1982) PsychrophUic methane production from pig manure. Process Biochem 17 26-30... 

The processing of hides and skins into leather results in a large quantity of waste materials (9). The hide in the salt-cured condition contains salt in a crystalline form, water as salt solution, and as hide Hquid components, flesh, blood, manure, and surface dirt from the animal. 

An unusual example of a process that produces a lot of waste is the intensive rearing of pigs. They need additional phosphorus in their feed for healthy growth, and this is usually added as inorganic phosphorus in the form of monocalcium phosphate (calcium dihydroxy-oxido-oxo-phosphorane). Unabsorbed phosphorus passes through into the manure, and if spread onto fields as a fertiliser can lead to excess phosphorus run-off into rivers and lakes leading to eutrophication. 

Feed Enteric Manure Farm Transport, Retail Consumption, methane management energy processing, disposal... 

Rotz et al. (2010) also calculated the CO2 emissions associated with the initial manufacture of farm machinery and maintenance, with the emissions mainly associated with the energy used to produce and process steel. An emission factor of 3.54 kg of C02e/kg of machinery mass was used. Emissions associated with machines used to produce different types of feed and to handle manure for a small farm and larger farms were also calculated (Rotz et ah, 2009). CO2 emissions due to production of seed and plastics were foimd to be small. 

Because the nitrification and denitrification processes both form N2O as a by-product, control of anthropogenic N inputs to the soil in the form of synthetic fertilizers or manure would affect the amount of N2O produced... 

The milk production stage is the largest source of GHG emissions over the entire life cycle of fluid milk production. CH4 is generafed primarily through enteric fermentation of dairy cows and also through the microbial, anaerobic decomposition of manure. Manure deposifed on soil or handled as a solid, an aerobic process, emits little CH4. However, manure generates CH4 when stored under the aerobic conditions of a lagoon. 

For this reason, process-based whole-farm simulators have been developed. The simulators comprise modules containing semiempirical equations and mechanistic models that account for soil type, crops grovm, climate, herd size, manure handling, and other factors for a variety of farms as well as modules that calculate GHG emissions, other types of... 

Workers employed at facilities that manufacture or use hydrogen sulfide in the production process are especially prone to exposure. Such industries include the manufacture of rayon textiles, lubricants, pulp and paper, and sulfuric acid and inorganic sulfides. Workers in facilities where hydrogen sulfide is produced as a byproduct, such as farms with manure storage pits, petroleum or natural gas drilling operations, landfills, and waste-water treatment plants, may also be exposed to high levels. 

The emission of N20 from manure occurs directly by both nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen contained in the manure. This emission mainly depends on the N and C content of the manure during various types storage and treatment. The nitrification process strictly needs oxygen, while subsequent denitrification is an anaerobic process. 

If all parts of the livestock production lifecycle are included, livestock are estimated to account for 18% of global anthropogenic emissions [57]. According to Gill and coworkers [57], apart from enteric fermentation and manure management, the other sources of GHG emission from livestock and related activities are fossil fuels used during feed and fertilizer production and transport of processed animal products. 

Ahn HK, Richard TL, Choi HL (2007) Mass and thermal balance during composting of a poultry manure - wood shavings mixture at different aeration rates. Process Biochem 42 (2) 215-223... 

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