Manure dust

It is estimated that the dust in animal houses originates mainly from the feed (15), (16), (17), the bedding material (18), (19), the manure (20) and the animals themselves (21), (22). Relevant values are rare. Table I shows that feed and bedding, when used, are the predominant sources of dust in pig and hen houses. 

The release of the dust is caused by the activity of animals or man or the function of technical equipments in the animal house. Feeding, particularly dry feeding (25), as well as bedding and cleaning activities, the use of different systems of feed distribution, manure removal and ventilation (26) can increase the dust level in the air of animal houses considerably (27). Figure 1 gives an example of the relation between the amount of dust in the air and different activities based on values as reported by CERMAK and ROSS (27) for poultry houses. 

Residues. Residues from the forest such as twigs, from the agricultural industry, from wood processing (wood dust), as well as from animal farming (manure) are good examples of residue biomass. 

It is added to the feed of cattle and poultry to control the development of fly larvae that breed in manure. It also is used as a dust, dip, or spray to control mange, horn flies, and face flies of cattle.28,37... 

As an example we explain prices of roundwood, timber, wood chips (for wood pulp), and saw dust. An average price of roundwood is about 84/m (about 7/GJ). Market prices of timber and wood chips for wood pulp are about 45,000 yen/m (about S31/GJ ) and about 8,000 yen/m (about 5/GJ), respectively. A market price of sawdust for fuel or manure is about 1,000 yen /m (about S0.7/GJ) [6. The wood prices for non-energy are higher the wood price for energy. 

Belladonna is sometimes affected by a wilt disease, which is aggravated by wet soils and fresh animal manures, and the foliage is greedily attacked by the potato beetle. Dusting with lime, soot, or road dust in the morning when the leaves are wet with dew is occasionally effective. The destructive attacks of these pests are usually confined to the seed bed or to first-year plantings, but the insects may be controlled by the careful use of insecticides. 

When soluble extracts of dust fi om the Earth s cmst, desert, wind-generated, foothills, and high mountain (Uinta) dust were cultured with BEAS 2B lung epithelial cells, more 1L6 and IL8 were released than when endotoxin alone was cultured (6). These data suggested that soluble material extracted from this dust caused cytokine release from more than endotoxin alone, compared with soluble extracts from manure mat dust. This supports the hypothesis that some ambient dusts from geological sources can cause cell death and cytokine release in a lung cell line that is widely used as an in vitro model to study mechanisms of environmental respiratory injury (6). 

Entrance through breaks in the skin from penetrating or crushing trauma. Persons handing jute or contact with manure. Inhalation, contact with lesions. Silica workers, people exposed to heat and organic dusts, medical personnel, animal caretakers. Bite by infected deer tick. Contact with brush, shrubs, garden lawn, soil, mulch. Persons active outdoors such as gardeners, hikers, campers, hunters, and outdoor workers. 

Agricultural pollution. The liquid and solid wastes from all types of framing, including runoff from pesticides, fertilizers, and feed-lots water and wind erosion and dust from plowing animal manure carcasses and crop residues and debris. It has been estimated that agricultural pollution in the United States has amounted to more than 2 billion tons per year. 

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