Mannan analysis

During the past decade, MALDI-TOF MS has proven to be an effective tool for the analysis of oligo- and polymeric mannoglucans (for extensive reviews see [222,223]). SEC/MALDI mass spectrometry was employed in the analysis of hemicelluloses isolated by microwave heat-fractionation from spruce and aspen wood [94]. These methods allowed the separation and characterization of the oligo- and polysaccharide fractions derived from the xylan and mannan components of both woods [224]. 

GENERAL References AICHE/CCI S Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis, 2d ed., American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 2000. AICHE/CCPS, Guidelines for Hazards Evaluation Procedures, 2d ed., American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1992. Crowl and Louver, Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications, 2d ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 2002. Mannan, Lees Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 3d ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Chemical Exposure Index (CEI) (Chemical Exposure Index, 1994 Mannan, 2005, pp. 8/22-8/26.) The CEI provides a method of rating the relative potential of acute health hazard to people from possible chemical release incidents. It may be used for prioritizing initial process hazard analysis and establishing the degree of further analysis needed. The CEI also may be used as part of the site review process. The system provides a method of ranking one risk relative to another. It is not intended to define a particular containment system as safe or unsafe, but provides a way of comparing toxic hazards. It deals with acute, not chronic, releases. Flammability and explosion hazards are not included in this index. To develop a CEI, information needs include... 

The lipoarabinomannan (LAM) capsule is the major vimlence factor of M. tuberculosis [88]. The multifaceted architecture, shown as 143 (Figure 5.2) by Turnbull ct al. [89], anticipates the complexity of any synthetic scheme aimed to its conquest. However, a simple analysis of the molecule shows that the mannan and arabino segments possess 1,2-trans glycosidic linkages, which point toward a retrosynthesis in which NPOEs could be the donors of choice. 

Hooge, D. M. (2004). Meta-analysis of broiler chicken pen trials evaluating dietary mannan oligosaccharides, 1993-2003. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3,163-174. 

This approach88 has been applied for the identification of partially methylated mannoses, in the course of the structural analysis of Candida lipolyticua mannan.88... 

Serologically active galactomannans, purified by way of their insoluble Fehling complexes, were obtained from mycelial and yeastlike forms of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Blastomyces dermaditidis, and shown by methylation analysis to consist of galactofuranosyl and mannopyranosyl units attached to a mannan core.142... 

Zugenmaier P (1974) Conformation and packing analysis of polysaccharides and derivatives, I. Mannan. Biopolymers 13 1127-1139... 

M. C. Matulewicz and A. S. Cerezo, Water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides from the red seaweed Chaetangiumfastigiatum. Analysis of the system and the structures of the a-D-( 1 —>3)-linked mannans, Carbohydr. Polym., 7 (1987) 121-132. 

Metal analysis revealed one atom of Mn2+ and six atoms of Ca2+ associated with each 66.5 kg of protein.142 Addition of 5 mM Ca2+ and mM Mn2+ to the native lectins enhanced both hemagglutination and mannan precipitation. This indicates that either some metal loss occurred during purification, or that the metal binding-sites are never completely occupied442 (compare Refs. 300 and 301). Mn2+ stimulated the hemagglutinating activity of all lentil-lectin preparations more than did Ca2+, whereas Ca2+ promoted mannan precipitation more effectively.442 Demetallization, by dialysis against 0.1 M EDTA followed by M acetic... 

In Volume 33 of this Series, we presented1 a review of the crystalline structures of polysaccharides published during the period 1967-1974. Detailed accounts of progress in structural studies on specific types of polysaccharides were presented in the Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Symposium of the Colston Research Society and were subsequently published as a book.2 Precise methods for X-ray diffraction analysis of biopolymer structures were discussed by Hukins.3 The aspects of the structures of cellulose, mannan, and xylan, their organization in the cell wall, and the biosynthesis of cell-wall polysaccharides were described by Mackie.4 Work on the structures of the connective-tissue polysaccharides, O-acetylcellulose, and the various forms of amylose was reviewed by Atkins,5 Chanzy,6 and Sarko,7... 

The use of quantitative, paper chromatography is discussed in this Section, since one of the most important factors in its application to wood-cellulose analysis is that it permits a satisfactory determination of mannan. Reasonably reliable methods for the determination of xylan have been available for some time, but mannan determinations, for the reasons discussed above, have been less satisfactory. The fact that (on chromatograms) xylose, as well as other carbohydrates, can be determined simultaneously with mannose is an added attraction in the use of this technique. 

Work on glucan and mannan structures is described in Refs. 105-108a. Taylor and Cameron109 have reviewed the preparation and quantitative analysis of fungal cell-walls. 

Fig. 4. Percent uptake of different iiposomai formuiations conjugated to Rtiodamine by human DCs measured through flow cytometry. Ceiis were incubated with Rhodamine-MSP-1, g-ioaded iiposomai formuiations and anaiyzed at different time intervals (0,15,30,60,120,180, and 360 min). The kinetics of uptake has been presented with mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) vs. counts by FACS analysis and percentage uptake at various time inten/als. Uptake of formulation on a per cell basis was quantified as fluorescence intensity per cell. Percentage of positive cells was determined as proportion ot cells with fluorescence intensity higher than 99% of cells of the control sample (cells incubated with unconjugated rhodamine alone). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the percentage of rhodamine-positive DCs increased rapidly and reached a plateau after 16 h of incubation (means of three independent experiments). A steady increase in the uptake percentage (%) was recorded and a maximum cell-associated fluorescence was observed at 16 h for OPM-coated cationic liposomes. Flow cytometric analysis of DCs revealed that plain liposomes did not significantly enhance the antigen uptake by DCs compared with the uptake recorded for mannan-coated liposomes...

K17. Krol, G. J., Banovsky, J. M., Mannan, C. A., Pickering, R. E., and Kho, B. T., Trace analysis of the MIF analogue parapeptide in blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and short-wavelength excitation fluorometry. ]. Chromatogr. 163, 383-389 (1979). 

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