Manganese requirements/recommendations

In 1940, Basu and Malakar (22) first recommended a manganese requirement for adults to range from 3.7 to 5.5 mg/day, based on fecal excretions that were near positive balances. In 1949, De (23) calculated a lower requirement, 2.74 mg, using regression analysis of manganese balance. However, no diets were fed near this level. More recently, Rao and Rao have estimated adult requirements to be 3.72 mg (34) and 4.15 mg (33) per day based on consumption of Indian foods. 

Removal of particulates, colloidal matter, iron and organics. Multimedia, manganese, greensand, diatomaceous earth, brim, or carbon filter. Caution carbon filters not recommended unless absolutely required for the removal of color and odor (as they provide a medium for microbial growth). 

These are classified as those with a requirement below one pg (microgram) per day. Elements in this class include boron, chromium, fluoride, iodine, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, cobalt and manganese. Cobalt is part of vitamin (see above). However, there appear to be no recommended dietary intakes for any of these except molybdenum. 

Many paints require vigorous pre-treatment before the matrix can be destroyed. Even after considerable oxidation it may be necessary to filter off titanium dioxide. Some paints are, however, more amenable to acid dissolution. Eider [147] reported that it was possible to determine barium, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, tin, zinc and zirconium in vinyl additives and paint (1 g) by dissolution in hot concentrated nitric acid (10 ml). The mixture was filtered and made up to 100 ml. Liquid samples were again dissolved in MIBK (lg in 100 ml). Air/ acetylene and nitrous oxide/acetylene flames were used to complete the analysis as appropriate. Porter [148] reported losses of lead during the dry ashing of alkyd and latex paints and therefore recommended dissolution in either nitric/perchloric acids or nitric acid alone. 

Studies in humans indicate that manganese is an essential element (Doisy 1973 Friedman et al. 1987). However, a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) has not been established for manganese because data have been insufficient to determine nutrient needs of healthy persons (NRC 1989). However, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council establishes ESADDI levels for an essential nutrient when information is sufficient to establish a range of requirements but insufficient for establishing an RDA. 

In a German study, the individual normative requirement for manganese was assessed as 15 jg kg body weight per day, or 1 mg per day as the weekly average. According to the rule that the recommended trace element intake amount doubles the required intake, a mean intake of 30 mg kg body weight per day or 2 mg per day was considered sufficient for adult humans (Anke etal. 1999d Schafer etal. 

The fatty matters, concentrated soda leys, and lime liquor are now added to the melted soap in such proportions that the fatty matters will become duly saponmed, and that the soap produced may be of the required description. The whole are then boiled in the usual way. The proportions of fatly matter, concentrated leys, and lime liquor may be varied according to the character of soap required. The following proportions are, however, recommended —Ordinary fitted soap, or curd soap, 10 tons fatty matters, 4 tons soda leys, prepared as above, 4 tons lime liquor, 6J tons, To produce a mottled soap be adds a certain quantity of ultramarine, oxide of manganese, or other suitable pigment, previously mixed with water, and the whole are then boiled together for half an hour, when the soap is ready for cleansing in the usual way. 

Recommended dietary allowances for a male adult (daily intake, in foods and food supplements) of some nutrients, usually the amounts estimated as needed to prevent overt manifestation of deficiency disease in most persons. For the substances listed in smaller amounts the optimum intake, leading to the best of health, may be somewhat greater. Not shown, but probably or possibly required, are the essential fatty acids, />aminobenzoic acid, choline, vitamin D, vitamin K, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium, tin, and silicon. 

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