Manganese dietary phosphorus

Greger, J. L., Smith, S. A., and Snedeker, S. M. (1981). Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on the utilization of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and selenium by adult males. Nutr. Res. 1, 315-325. 

What do the ions of the following elements have in common calcium, Ca chlorine. Cl chromium, Cr cobalt, Co copper, Cu fluorine, F iodine, I iron, Fe magnesium. Mg manganese, Mn molybdenum, Mo nickel, Ni phosphorus, P potassium. K selenium, Se sodium, Na sulfur, S zinc, Zn They are all dietary minerals essential for good health, but can be harmful, even lethal, when consumed in excessive amounts. 

A number of factors that may influence human requirements of manganese have been investigated in the literature. These factors include the iron status and age of the individual and dietary factors such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, phytates and fiber. 

Two human studies have reported increased, but not significant, losses of fecal manganese in subjects when dietary levels of phosphorus were increased from 800 to 1,500 mg (30) and from 1,010 to 2,525 mg/day (31). In animals, elevated dietary levels of phosphorus have been reported to increase manganese requirements (51) however, the dietary level of calcium in this study was also high. 

Cellulose. Fiber components differ in their ability to bind to bile (41), the primary route of excretion of manganese (9). Cellulose, the most abundant natural fiber, has been studied for its potential effects on bile and lipid metabolism (42). It is naturally present in high fiber diets and is also commonly added to many commercially-produced food products. Previous studies have shown cellulose to decrease intestinal uptake of a variety of minerals, including zinc, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and iron (32,43,44). In many cases, however, the effect of cellulose has not been considered to be anti-nutritional (32). It has been generally believed that cellulose has a lower binding affinity for minerals than other constituents of dietary fiber (33,45). 

An ionic compound that is 22.071% manganese, 1.620% hydrogen, 24.887% phosphorus, and 51.422% oxygen is used as a food additive and dietary supplement. What is the empirical formula for this compound What do you think its chemical name is (Consider the possibility that this compound contains more than one polyatomic ion.)... 

Information for this table is from Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin Bq, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997), Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001). Washington, DC Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press. 

The importance of the minerals and the consequences of their deficiency are well known [28], The mineral contents of Chinese, European, and Japanese chestnuts are listed in Table 11.2 [22], European chestnut has the highest potassium content compared to Chinese and Japanese chestnuts. Magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese contents are higher in Chinese chestnut than in European and Japanese chestnuts. On the other hand, Japanese chestnut contains the highest amounts of calcium, iron, sodium, zinc, and copper contents among these three varieties. The minimum and maximum percentages of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) or adequate intake (Al) of these minerals obtained by... 

The very high requirement of birds for manganese, compared with that of mammals, even under the most favorable dietary conditions, calls for some comment. To some extent this is undoubtedly due to lower absorption from the gut. Injection of manganese in quantities equivalent to 6 to 10 p.p.m. of the diet is completely effective in preventing perosis. Four to five times these quantities are needed in diets containing ordinary levels of calcium, phosphorus, and iron. It appears, therefore, that only... 

Mineral constituents are essential for normal development of humans. As essential elements are not synthesized in body they must be obtained from dietary sources. They play important roles in the metabolic functions. Calcium and phosphorus are essential for bone structure, potassium and sodium are involved in the functions of all organs, iron, copper and manganese are important for enzymatic functions. Cornelian cherry fruits, being rich in essential elements, might be considered as important nutritional supplements. 

Sources Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride, 1997 Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B, folate, vitamin Bj, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline, 1998 Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids, 2000 Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenc, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc, 2001, National Academy Press Washington, DC. 

Phosphorus is absorbed chiefly in the upper small intestine, the duodenum. The amount absorbed is dependent on several factors, such as source, calcium phosphorus ratio, intestinal pH, lactose intake, and dietary levels of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, iron, aluminum, manganese, potassium, and fat. As is the case for most nutrients, the greater the need, the more efficient the absorption. Absorption increases, although not proportionally, with increased intake. 

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