Manganese-chromium alloy

Sch] Schule, W., Lang, E., A Contribution to the Phase Diagram of Iron-Manganese-Chromium Alloys , ASTM Spec. Techn. Publ. (Eff. Radiat. Mater), (Stp. 1125), 945-957 (1992) (Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, Experimental, Eleclr. Prop., Magn. Prop., 28)... 

Berylha ceramic parts ate frequendy used in electronic and microelectronic apphcations requiting thermal dissipation (see Ceramics as ELECTRICAL materials). Berylha substrates are commonly metallized using refractory metallizations such as molybdenum—manganese or using evaporated films of chromium, titanium, and nickel—chromium alloys. Semiconductor devices and integrated circuits (qv) can be bonded by such metallization for removal of heat. 

Wearmouth has described the production of nickel-cobalt, nickel-manganese, and nickel-chromium alloy coatings for non-decorative uses. The nickel-cobalt and nickel-manganese are electrodeposited direct from sulphamate-based solutions, the nickel-cobalt alloys offering higher hardness than the nickel-manganese alloys, which are restricted to a relatively... 

A second way for a solid to accommodate a solute is interstitially, with solute atoms fitting in between solute atoms in the crystal stmcture. An important alloy of this type is carbon steel, a solid solution of carbon in iron, also shown in Figure 12-4. Steels actually are both substitutional and interstitial alloys. Iron is the solvent and carbon is present as an interstitial solute, but varying amounts of manganese, chromium, and nickel are also present and can be in substitutional positions. 

Alloy materials (e.g., aluminum, manganese, chromium, nickel) Fluxes (e.g., lime)... 

One of the principal functions of alloying elements in steel, such as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, etc., is to increase the hardenabilitv. Whereas prodigious amounts of expensive alloys were formerly used to insure full hardening, especially in medium and heavy sections, wartime shortages focused attention on the use of as little alloy as possible within the hardenabilitv requirements. A large number of steels were developed containing relatively small additions of a number ol elements, and a number of these steels hav e continued in use. 

There are transition metals in many of the products that people use in daily life. Some of these metals have obvious roles, such as the coin metals of gold, silver, and copper. Iron, which makes up 90% of all metal that is refined, or purified for use, is found in everything from tools to paper staples to washing machines. The most important iron product is steel, an iron-based metal alloy. Most steel made for manufacturing purposes is iron alloyed with the element carbon, which makes the steel much harder than iron alone. Several other transition metals are alloyed with iron to make different kinds of steel for different uses. Vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, and nickel are all used in steel alloys. For instance, chromium and nickel are alloyed with iron to create stainless steel, a type of steel that does not rust and is used in surgical instruments, cookware, and tools. Some famous landmarks such as the top of the Chrysler skyscraper in New York City and the St. Louis Gateway Arch are covered in stainless steel. 

Discaloy [Westinghouse], TM for an austenitic iron-base alloy containing nickel, chromium, and relatively small proportions of molybdenum, titanium, silicon, and manganese. This alloy is precipitation-hardened and was developed primarily to meet the need for improved gas-turbine disks, one of the most critical components of jet engines. 

Most of these are carbon-manganese-molybdenum alloys with small additions of chromium and/or nickel plus vanadium or niobium. Vanadium or niobium acts as a carbide stabilizer and grain refiner, improving both elevated temperature strength and notch ductility. An exception is Fortiweld (MOBO 45 is the same steel), which is a boron-treated 1/2% molybdenum steel. This alloy is the cheapest of the group, but has hardly been used for reactors in the U.K., possible because its impact properties in thick sections are not so attractive as alternative steels. 

The story of mankind is intimately hnked to the discovery and successful use of metals and their alloys. Amongst them iron and steel - we could define steel as a generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron and carbon, usually containing between 0.2 and 1.5 percent carbon, often with other constituents such as manganese. Chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten. Cobalt, or silicon, depending on the desired alloy properties, and widely used as a stractural material , have shaped our material world. 

Gra] Grabke, H.J., Iyer, S.K., Srinivasan, S.R., The Solubility of Nitrogen in Austenitic Iron-Manganese and Iron-Chromium Alloys , Z. Metallkd., 66, 286-292 (1975) (Experimental, Phase Relations, Themodyn., Caleulation, 13)... 

Figure 2 Influence of the alloying elements manganese, chromium, nickel and molybdenum on the pitting potentials of austenitic CrNi steels in 3 % NaCI solution [27]...

Virtually all commercial HPHT synthesis of diamond uses iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium, and their alloys as catalyst-solvents. However, many other metals ean catalyze graphite-to-diamond formation at higher temperatures and pressures, as can water, silicates, and other minerals that are more akin to the environment in which natural diamonds grow in the earth. 

Weld hardfacing coatings, for example, high-carbon iron-chromium alloys, tool steels, nickel-chromium-boron alloys, cobalt-base alloys, and austenitic manganese steels... 

For aluminum-copper alloys (2000 series) dilute aluminum alloys such as 1230, 6003, or 6053, containing small amounts of manganese, chromium, or magnesium, may be used as cladding material. These have low-copper contents, less than 0.02%, and low-iron content, less than 0.2%. However these alloys are not sufficiently anodic with respect to the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys of the 7000 series, and they do not provide cathodic protection in these cases. The 7000 series alloys are... 

Most alloys of the 5000 series contain other additions such as manganese, chromium and titanium, which provide a further increase in tensile strength and/or certain properties such as corrosion resistance, weldability, and others. 

The properties of aluminum alloys (mechanical, physical, and chemical) depend on alloy composition and microstructure as determined by casting conditions and thermomechanical processing. While certain metals alloy with Al rather readily [9], comparatively few have sufficient solubility to serve as major alloying elements. Of the commonly used alloying elements, magnesium, zinc, copper, and silicon have significant solubility, while a number of additional elements (with less that 1% total solubility) are also used to confer important improvements to alloy properties. Such elements include manganese, chromium, zirconium, titanium, and scandium [2,10]. 

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