Toxicity mammals

A metabolite of DDT, not toxic to insects but likely as mammal-toxic as DDT... 

What is done to organophosphate compounds containing the P=0 group to increase their insect mammal toxicity ratios and decrease their tendency to undergo nonenzymatic hydrolysis ... 

It has a low mammal toxicity. The acute oral lDjq is 35IS mg/kg for rats. Fenpropimorph causes no unwanted side-effects in cereals. The first results indicate that the active substance interfers with the sterol synthesis. 

Mammal Toxicity and Repellency Data Base FWS/DOI Public C Data on toxicity and repellency of chemicals to animals, based primarily on rodent acute oral efficacy tests for over 5000 compounds... 

Mammal Toxicity Studies Oral LD50 Values for Rats... 

Dithiocarbamate fungicides (DTCs) are widely used in agriculture. They are non-systemic and typically remain at the site of application. DTCs are characterized by a broad spectrum of activity against various plant pathogens, low acute mammal toxicity, and low production costs (Crnogorac and Schwack, 2009). 

Malathion is the best known of the phosphorodithioate insecticides, which have 2 sulfur atoms attached to phosphate. It has a relatively high insect mammal toxicity ratio because of its two carboxyester linkages that are hydrolyzable by carboxylase enz5mies (possessed by mammals, but not insects) to relatively nontoxic products. For example, although malalliion is a very effective inseetieide, its LDjq for adult... 

The various studies on pharmacological activity of histrionicotoxins are summarized in Table 12. It should be repeated that this class of alkaloids are not really toxins since even at quite high dosages in mammals, toxicity is not elicited 80,81). There are several general and specific reviews related to the pharmacology and mechanism of action of histrionicotoxins (7, 9, 89, 90, 125). 

Arsenic is another element with different bioavailabiUty in its different redox states. Arsenic is not known to be an essential nutrient for eukaryotes, but arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) are toxic, with the latter being rather more so, at least to mammals. Nevertheless, some microorganisms grow at the expense of reducing arsenate to arsenite (81), while others are able to reduce these species to more reduced forms. In this case it is known that the element can be immobilized as an insoluble polymetallic sulfide by sulfate reducing bacteria, presumably adventitiously due to the production of hydrogen sulfide (82). Indeed many contaminant metal and metalloid ions can be immobilized as metal sulfides by sulfate reducing bacteria. 

Metal Toxicity in Mammals, Vol. 2, Plenum PubHshing Corp., New York, 1978, p. 293. 

Phosphoric Acid and Phosphorothioic Acid Anhydrides. The aUphatic organophosphoms esters originally developed by Schrader (27) are extremely toxic to mammals and are largely of historic interest. Tetraethyl pyrophosphate [107-49-3] (40) (bp 104—110°C at 10.7 Pa, d 1.185, vp 6.1 mPa at 30°C) is miscible with water and hydrolyzes very rapidly with a half-life of 6.8 h at 25°C. The rat LD qS ate 1.1 (oral) and 2.4 (dermal) mg/kg. 

The development of malathion in 1950 was an important milestone in the emergence of selective insecticides. Malathion is from one-half to one-twentieth as toxic to insects as parathion but is only about one two-hundredths as toxic to mammals. Its worldwide usage in quantities of thousands of metric tons in the home, garden, field, orchard, woodland, on animals, and in pubHc health programs has demonstrated substantial safety coupled with pest control effectiveness. The biochemical basis for the selectivity of malathion is its rapid detoxication in the mammalian Hver, but not in the insect, through the attack of carboxyesterase enzymes on the aUphatic ester moieties of the molecule. 

Health and Environment. Manganese in trace amounts is an essential element for both plants and animals and is among the trace elements least toxic to mammals including humans. Exposure to abnormally high concentrations of manganese, particulady in the form of dust and fumes, is, however, known to have resulted in adverse effects to humans (36,37) (see Mineral nutrients). 

The sulfonamides impede this synthesis and are therefore toxic to those bacteria that synthesize thek own foHc acid. Mammals cannot synthesize this and related vitamins and depend on food sources for them the sulfas are therefore not toxic to mammals in this regard. 

Toxicity. The U.S. Eood and Dmg Administration regards common salt, ie, NaCl, as GRAS for its intended use as a food additive. Oral toxicity for mammals is reported in mg/kg (16) for humans, TD qI 12,357 23D-C (daily-continuous) for mice, LD qI 4000 for rats, LD qI 3000 and for rabbits, LD qI 8000. TD q and LD q are lowest level toxic and lethal dosages, respectively. 

The toxicity of the tetraorganotins has beenUtde studied. Available Hterature indicates that tetrabutyltin and the higher tetraalkyltins are substantially less toxic than triorganotins to mammals if taken orally (175). The high toxicity reported for tetraethyltin (LD g = 9 16 mg/kg) appears to be caused by its rapid conversion in the Hver to a triethyl tin species. 

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