Maintenance procedure, dangers

However, these processes have been found to be dangerous in that expins have occurred for one reason or another. Attempts to eliminate traces of hydrogen in the gas stream (one cause of expins) have led to the use of a Pd catalyst (Ref 28). Other attempts to keep the gaseous mixt below the use of a gas-absorbing solvent (Ref 40). Standard precautions now include sufficient maintenance procedures to eliminate plugged weep holes and corroded piping and reactor shells (Ref 41)... 

A user visually checking the equipment is probably the most important maintenance procedure. About 95% of faults or damage can be identified by just looking. The user should check for obvious damage using common sense. The use of potentially dangerous equipment can then be avoided. Possible dangers to look for are as follows ... 

Statistics reinforced the preconceived idea that maintenance activities have an element of danger. A British publication by the Health and Safety Laboratory (2003) [1] stated that maintenance activities accounted for about 15.6% of all the 718 loss of containment incidents that were reported This study collected data over a period of 11 years. Of 112 loss of containment incidents that were attributed to maintenance activity, 57 were classified having do to with procedures (or the lack of them) or improperly implementing the existing maintenance procedures. Of 112 loss of containment incidents 37 were attributed to the permit to work system [1]. 

Safe maintenance, repair and cleaning procedures. Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Reguiatiens 2002. Approved Code of Practice and guidance L137 HSE Books 2003 ISBN 978 0 7176 2202 3... 

Electrical installations are usually tested on completion and before commissioning, but large installations may be tested and commissioned in sections as each part is completed. Subsequently, they need periodic retesting as part of the maintenance procedure to detect incipient faults and to prevent the development of fault combinations that may lead to danger. 

In service, transient, and shutdown conditions—maintenance procedures Care has to be taken of the possible change of conditions during shutdown and/or transient periods, which are not necessarily less prone to the development of crevice corrosion. An example is the case of desalination plants where concentrated chloride solutions may become very dangerous... 

Many users are concerned about the maintenance frequency of their SRVs installed base. Many major companies have their own internal procedures or are following codes and recommendations. However, there are no strict legal requirements that touch on maintenance frequency of SRVs. Once in some boiler installations in the past, it was a rule, or better a habit, for the firemen to pop the valves daily or weekly by means of the lifting lever, an unenviable job as it was extremely dangerous for the personnel and also not very good for the valve itself. It also required a minimum operating pressure of 75% of set pressure, usually of very hot steam, something you do not want to be very close to. This procedure also led to a lot of accidents and so is not used very frequently anymore. Other companies only tested and maintained their valves after an accident or major pressure upset, and all the rest was/is between both these extremes. 

The first component of a successful clinical trial manufacturing program is the area or facility used for the production of clinical trial batches. This facility should have limited access and be segregated from other activities where the danger of cross contamination is removed and the control of materials, product, waste, and personnel flow can be achieved. Preparation of vector batches requires rooms where a controlled environment can be maintained. Here, under class 10,000 and class 100 environments, batches can be produced, purified, and vialed for use in trials. HVAC and other equipment used within the manufacturing facility requires annual calibration, initial installation, and operational qualification, and appropriate preventive maintenance programs. Written procedures for the use, cleaning, and maintenance of the facility, and the equipment must also be written and followed by appropriate personnel. 

A hasty modification can result in an accident, as discussed in Chapter 6. To address the problems of one-minute modifications, chemical plant management must persistently encourage employee awareness and train their employees about the potential dangers that can be created by the quick, inexpensive substitutions. It is essential that well-maintained engineering and equipment specifications are readily available. Changes which might include improper substitutes (such as incompatible materials of construction) or improper procedures should be reviewed by a third party. However, this is sometimes easier said than done in the sometimes hectic pace of maintaining maintenance and production schedules. 

Maintenance employees should be qualified electricians who have been well instructed in lockout procedures. No two locks should be alike each key should fit only one lock, and only one key should be issued to each maintenance employee. If more than one employee is repairing a piece of equipment, each shovdd lock out the switch with his or her own lock and never permit anyone else to remove it. The maintenance worker should at all times be certain that he or she is not exposing other employees to danger. 

A planned maintenance system comprises a procedure for the inspection, test and repair of the electrical installation and connected apparatus to avoid breakdowns and dangerous faults. It is most commonly regarded as a preventive surveillance system whereby apparatus is inspected and if necessary tested and repaired before it is likely to break down or develop a dangerous fault. The relative contributions of visual examinations and testing have already been considered elsewhere in this book. 

Oil-lubricated compressors, used in oxygen systems, usually operate at lower piston speeds thereby reducing dangerous heat build-up. Maintenance of these machines for safety reasons includes rigid control of cleaning procedures to ensure absence of oil in the working cylinder and valve assemblies. 

Operating and Support Hazard Analysis (OSHA) is an analysis performed to identify those operating functions that may be inherently dangerous to test, maintenance, handling, transportation or operating persoimel or in which human error could be hazardous to equipment or people. The information for this analysis is normally obtained from the PHA. The OSHA should be performed at the point in system development when sufficient data is available, after procedures have been developed. It documents and evaluates hazards resulting from the implementation of operations performed by personnel. It also considers ... 

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