Macintosh operating system

Intellitools, Richmond, Calif. www.intelUlooIs.com. tincluded with Windows and Macintosh operating systems. 

Semiempirical methods are widely available in many programs. Gaussian 09 (Section 15.14) includes the MNDO, AMI, PM3, PPDG, PM6, MINDO/3, INDO, and CNDO methods. Spartan includes the MNDO, MNDO/d, AMI, PM3, PM6, and RMl methods. HyperChem has the MNDO, MNDO/d, AMI, PM3, RMl, MINDO/3, CNDO, INDO, INDO/S and extended Hiickel methods. MOPAC2012 (openmopac.net/homeJitml) has the MNDO, AMI, PM3, PM6, PM6-DH2, PM6-DH-H, PM7, and RMl methods. It is available in Linux, Macintosh, and Windows versions and is free to academic researchers. An older version is MOPAC2009 (openmopac.net/MOPAC2009.htmI). AMPAC 9 (www. semichem.com) has the SAMI, AMI, PM3, RMl, PM6, MNDO, and MNDO/d methods and a molecule builder, and is available for Windows, Linux, and Macintosh operating systems. 

Each GUI has its own standards for interapplication data exchange. Popular examples are today Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) in Microsoft Windows, Inter-Apphcation Communication (LAC) in the upcoming version 7 of the Apple Macintosh operating system, and AppUcation Communication Services (ACS) on the Digital platforms under DECWindows. 

Hardware environments are another challenge to compatibility, especially since the most obvious choice can be risky. When we developed STN Express it was obvious that this software should be compatible with the IBM PC. But since then, the Macintosh has become increasingly popular. There are fads and fashions in the computer market just as in other areas. Today, front-end software should work not only with the IBM and Apple PCs but also with the DEC, Commodore, and NEC, to name a few. Preferences vary over time and also by country. We have seen that the Commodore is rather popular in Germany and the NEC seems to dominate the Japanese market. Those brands are virtually unknown in the United States, while the IBM PC is relatively unfamiliar in Japan. STN Express currently works with MS-DOS the standard interface should also work with, at least, the UNIX and Macintosh operating systems. Perhaps more will be necessary in the future. 

Version for Macintosh computers. To execute the programs in this version, you need a Macintosh computer with a 6.0.7. or later operating system and a hard disk with at least one Megabyte free. 

This manual assumes that the user is familiar with a Macintosh or Windows-type graphic operating system, with a mouse, windows, pop-up menus, etc. If this is not so, the user should first familiarise him/herself with the graphic system installed in his/her computer. 

The Macintosh and Intel hardware computing platform and operating system software are essentially incompatible. An emulator is needed to run Windows software on a Macintosh, but there is no corresponding emulator for the Macintosh in a Windows environment that will run the software and be supported by the supplier. 

Finally, we come to the venerable old man of the graphical operating system world, the Apple Macintosh. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Wozniak built the first Apple, and was the technical wizard. Jobs was the sales and marketing guy, and together they built and marketed the Apple II, which Jobs dubbed the computer for the rest of us. The Apple II was an immediate success, as it had color graphics, and useful applications such as Visicalc were available for it. For 1977, it was quite a spiffy machine. 

Which of these classic operating systems can be looked at as the model on which modern graphical systems such as Windows 2000 and the Apple Macintosh are based ... 

There are, of course, applications written for many operating systems other than Windows and DOS. Most of them will not run on either Windows 9xor Windows 2000. Macintosh applications, Linux applications, and C/PM applications, for instance, will all error if you try to use them on a Windows machine. 

When you have a Macintosh, your operating system will be different, but Excel will be very similar. After all, both IBM and Mac versions of Excel were written by Microsoft. With relatively minor modifications, mostly reflecting differences between the IBM and Mac keyboards, all exercises in this book will run on the Mac, provided you have Excel version 5 or later. 

Microsoft Works contains a spreadsheet that is a simplified version of Excel, and Claris Works contains a similar spreadsheet program. At the time of this writing, the latest version of Excel is called Excel 2003. Previous versions were called Excel 2000,1998,4.0, 3.0, and so on. We describe briefly how to make a graph on the Excel spreadsheet. The instructions are written for a computer using the Windows operating system, but the procedure is similar on a Macintosh computer. 

Perl interpreters are available for the Macintosh, Windows, and UNIX operating systems and more often than not is made available as freeware. A number of download sites are listed at the end of this chapter. Because Perl program files are usually compressed to speed downloads, Macintosh users will need to use a utility like UnStuffIt to uncompress the package, whereas Windows users will need WinZip or PKZip. Perl should come as part of the standard software installation on most UNIX-based machines. Typing perl -v at the UNIX prompt will indicate whether the program is indeed installed and, if so, the version number that is available on that machine. 

Unfortunately, the way one specifies a file path is different on the three different operating systems. On UNIX systems, a path begins with a forward slash and each directory is separated by additional slashes. On Windows systems, a path begins with the drive letter (e.g., c ) and uses backslashes to separate directories. On Macintoshes, the path begins with the name of the hard disk, and colons separate the name of each successive folder. Examples of fully qualified path names on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh systems are shown below. 

Firewire, IEEE 1394 compatible image acquisition software such as iStopMotion, iMovie or QuickTime Pro , version 7 or later for Macintosh, or Adobe Premiere and QuickTime Pro, version 7 or later with Windows XP or Windows Vista operating systems. 

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