Machinery sector

The U.S. accounts for almost one-quarter of worldwide slab zinc consumption and is the world s single largest market. About 80% of zinc is used in metal form, and the rest is used in compound form. In total, 90% of zinc metal is used for galvanizing steel (a form of corrosion protection) and for alloys, and is used in a wide variety of materials in the automotive, construction, electrical, and machinery sectors of the economy. Zinc compound use also varies widely, but is mainly found in the agricultural, chemical, paint, pharmaceutical, and rubber sectors of the economy. 

Two product and application sector international standards for the machinery sector exist ... 

The preliminary risk assessment is made by a risk graph qualitative method described in lEC 61508-5 Annex E according Figure E.l (Figure 3) and Table E.l. This method has been used extensively within the machinery sector, see ISO 14121-2 and Annex A of ISO 13849-1, and enables the safety integrity level to be determined from knowledge of risk factors associated with the hoist machinery and it control system. 

Seven key areas that define the level of CE in PDF were recognised. CE models from the literature [10] were compared with specific requests in the machinery sector and known CE assessment models [11, 12, 14]. The authors have tested and supplemented the CE criteria during several product lifecycle management (PLM) apphcation projects and process analyses. The CE criteria or methods are presented below, first in general form, later more specifically for different kinds of production processes. Our key criteria or methods for CE are ... 

Initially, lEC 61508 was developed as a safety and life cycle standard, which was not industry-specific. Later, there have been three separate divisions, viz. lEC 61511 for process industries, lEC 61513 for nuclear plants, and lEC 62061 for machinery sector. lEC 61511 has clearly put forward some guidelines for hardware to be used in SIS. In this standard, there are clearly two divisions, for example, PEs and non-PEs (in loose sense to distinguish from logic solver, because nowadays sensors and final elements also have programming features) like sensors and final control elements. In this part, sensors and final control elements are considered, while PEs will be discussed separately in next clause. 

Other programmable controllers used in machinery safety-related systems. In recognition of this, CEN is in the process of trying to map the principles of the standard into a new machinery sector version of lEC 61508, currently identified as prEN 62016. It is yet to be seen how this new standard, when it is eventually published, will relate to EN 954-1. 

Digital data communication systems have existed for nearly 40 years, ranging from straightforward serial communications represented by the RS 232 standard common on personal computer serial output ports, to more modern local area networks such as Ethernet. In recent years, much effort has been put into the development of fieldbus systems that allow controllers, sensors and actuators to be implemented in modular and distributed formats. Whereas the developments in fieldbus systems have been mainly targeted at the process industries, the devices are finding increasing application in the machinery sector. 

We should also note the safety PLC produced by PILZ Automation that has been designed primarily for high demand mode applications in the machinery sector. This imit is also used for process automation applications but it has some distinct difference from the previous types we have seen. This system operates on loo3 architecture which means that three redundant processors all have to agree for the outputs to remain enabled permitting the process to continue operating. 

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