M- toluene

A methyl group is an electron releasing substituent and activates all of the ring carbons of toluene toward electrophilic attack The ortho and para positions are activated more than the meta positions The relative rates of attack at the various positions m toluene compared with a single position m benzene are as follows (for nitration at 25°C)... 

Figure 5.16 Influence of the fluorine-to-toluene equivalents (0.1 M toluene in acetonitrile) on conversion, selectivity and yield [13].

GL 1] [R 4] [P 2] Conversions from 17 to 95% were achieved using methanol as solvent (1.0-10.0 fluorine-to-toluene equivalents 0.1 M toluene room temperature 10 ml min gas flow 100 pi min methanol) [14]. The respective selectivities ranged from 37 to 10%. Taking into account also the difluorotoluenes and trifluorotoluenes gives a selectivity of about 45%. The yields passed through a maximum at 18%. 

GL 1] [R 4] [P 2] A linear increase in conversion was found on increasing the number of fluorine-to-toluene equivalents (i.e. the above-mentioned ratio) from 1.0 to 5.0 [13]. By this means, the conversion increases from 33% to 96%, whereas the selectivity drops from 36% to 11% (0.1 M toluene, 25% fluorine, ambient temperature). The yield passes through a maximum. 

At higher toluene concentration and using lower fluorine-to-toluene equivalents (0.5-1.0 fluorine-to-toluene equivalents 1.0 M toluene) [14], a lower performance is observed, which is explained by a larger temperature rise leading to more pronounced radical formation causing side reactions. 

FIGURE 6.3 Molecular weight of polystyrene (PS) as a function of solvent and solvent concentration A = -butylmercaptan, B = carbon tetrabromide, C = carbon tetrachloride, D = o-cresol, E = p-cresol, F = m-cresol, G = phenol, H = s-ec-butylbenzene, 1 = cumene, J = ethylbenzene, K = chloroform, L = -heptant, M = toluene, N = benzene, where [S] = concentration of chain-transfer agent and [M] = concentration of styrene monomer. 

A mixture consisting of the step 3 product (80 mg), a polymerizable triphenylamine (460 mg), and an oxadiazole (460 mg) derivative were placed into an airtight vessel and dissolved in 9.9 ml of toluene. This solution was treated with 198 pi of 0.1 M toluene solution of V-601 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and then stirred at 60°C for 60 hours. It was then precipitated in 500 ml acetone, redis-solved in toluene, and reprecipitated in acetone, the process being repeated twice. The product was isolated in 78% yield having an Mw of 4.2 x 103 Da. 

Di(2-propenyl)-l,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (5.0 mmol), L-lactide (45.0 mmol), 20 ml of 0.01 M toluene solution of tin 2-ethylhexanoate, and 20 ml of 0.01 M toluene solution of /M-butylbenzyl alcohol were charged in a polymerization ampoule and then sealed and heated at 150°C for 1 hour. The polymer was then dissolved in chloroform, precipitated in excess methanol, filtered, and 6.55 g of product isolated containing 9 mol% 3,6-di(2-propenyl)-l,4-dioxane-2,5-dione and having an Af of 17,400Da with an Mw of 23,300 Da. 

A dry, 500-mL Schlenk tube, equipped with a rubber septum and a Teflon-coated stirring bar and filled with argon (Note 1) is charged with (2S)-(-)-3-exo-(dimethylamino)isoborneol [(2S)-DAIB] (371 mg, 1.88 mmol) (Note 2), dry toluene (200 mL) (Note 3), and a 4.45 M toluene solution of diethylzinc (25.4 mL, 113 mmol) through a rubber septum using hypodermic syringes at 20°C (Notes 4 and 5). The mixture is stirred for 15 min and then cooled to -78°C with a dry ice-methanol bath. To this is added benzaldehyde (10.0 g, 94.2 mol) (Note 6) in one portion (Note 7). The bath is replaced by an ice bath, and the septum is replaced by a glass stopper. The reaction mixture is stirred at... 

The analgesic drugs paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid at normal clinical doses had no acute effect on toxicokinetics of toluene inhaled at 300 mg/m (Lbf el al., 1990b) similarly, neither carbohydrate diets nor the consumption of 47 g ethanol as wine on the evening before exposure to 200 mg/m- toluene for 2 h had any effect on toluene kinetics (Hjelm et al., 1994). 

Richer et al. (1993) exposed five male volunteers to 50 ppm [188.5 mg/m ] toluene in a controlled exposure chamber for 7 h per day for three days on three occasions at two-week intervals. Blood samples were taken before and after each three-day exposure. No effects upon sister chromatid exchange frequencies were observed. 

Micronuclei were not induced in erythrocytes of mice or rats exposed to atmospheric concentrations of 1.1 mg/m toluene diisocyanate for 6 h per day on five days per week for four weeks. 

Sister chromatid exchanges were not induced in peripheral lymphocytes of workers in two studies (exposure to a variety of compounds) or in five healthy volunteers exposed for seven consecutive hours per day over three consecutive days to 40 ppm [174 iiig/nr xylene either alone or in combination with 50 ppm [189 mg/m- ] toluene (Haglund et al., 1980 Pap Varga, 1987 Richer et al., 1993). 

Mass of toluene in the extract = m toluene q.002 L extract soln. = 0.0274 mg 1 L extract sola... 

M toluene solution of diethylzinc, 2.4 mL, 2.4 mmol flammable liquid, moisture-sensitive... 

We examined the IMDA reaction of 62 under Lewis-acid-mediated conditions (Scheme 10). As in the case of the Lewis-acid-mediated IMDA reaction of the substrate 48, no good results were obtained (Table 3, Entries 1-3). Treatment of 62 with 5.0 M LiC104 in Et20 [81] resulted in the formation of a complex mixture (Entries 4, 5). We found that the IMDA reaction of 62 proceeded under thermal conditions as a 0.02 M toluene solution in a sealed tube in the presence of BHT (Entry 6). In contrast to the case of 48, the IMDA reaction of 62 required a longer heating time for completion. Two endo-cycloadducts 63-A and 63-B were isolated in 62% and 21% yields, respectively, after separation on silica gel. Furthermore, an exo-cycloadduct 63-D was isolated in a trace amount of 2%. The stereochemistries of the... 

As we have already indicated, both the f and fCJ AIM FF indices can be partitioned in terms of contributions from collective charge-displacement modes. The corresponding rigid IDM partitionings of the AIM FF indices for the illustrative case of the reactive system M = toluene (B) - [V205-cluster] (A) are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. 

Fig. 14. (Continued).The localized EDM for the M = toluene-[V205] system, numbered in accordance with the isolated reactant IDM they resemble the most (see Figs. 2 and 8a). The usual phase convention (pjEDM = dN/dpa > 0 has been adopted. Part a groups the EDM associated with the (V2Os) cluster, X = A, and Part b corresponds to toluene, X = B. The numerical data above each diagram report the number of IDM giving the maximum projection on the EDM in question, M iE0M), followed by its resolution into reactant contributions w (EDM) and w (EDM), in parentheses. The bottom numbers include t ).,., w.CT, ngTjEDM) (second row, in parentheses), and fJT(EDM)...

Illustrative localized EDM (-> IDM) for M = (toluene [V205]) are shown in Fig. 14, with the sets (a) and (b) grouping the subsets a and p associated with the [V205] cluster (A) and toluene (B), respectively. A comparison between these CT-reactive channels and the corresponding IDM of reactants (Figs. 2 and 8a) shows that the MOC adopted does indeed generate the inter-set decoupled displacements, which can be uniquely associated with the corresponding IDM of the separated reactants. 

Gomall and R. Robinson [28] suggested reducing sodium dinitrotoluene sulphate (e.g. the sodium salt of 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulphonic acid) to yield m- toluene-diamine-3-sulphonic acid which could serve as an intermediate for obtaining azo dyes. Oxidation of sodium 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulphonic acid with potassium permanganate in alkaline medium gave 2,4-dinitro-3-sulphobenzoic acid, also an intermediate for azo dyes. 

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