LYSINE POLYMER

Mi, K. Y., Yong, K. S., Young, M. L., and Chong, S. C. Effect of polymer complex formation on the cloud-point of poly(Al-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) in the poly(NIPAAm-co-acrylic acid) polyelectrolyte complex between poly(acrylic acid) and poly(l-lysine). Polymer 39 3703-3708, 1998. 

The different conformational behavior of the azobenzoyl- and the azobenzenesul-fonyl-L-lysine polymers was explained on the basis that the monomeric units VI may interact with HFP differently than units V do (Scheme 4). The strongly proto-nating solvent HFP (pKa = 9.30) 36 is known to form electrostatic complexes with various organic compounds, including amines and dimethylsulfoxide 1371 on the other hand, sulfonamides are significantly protonated in acid media 38 so it may be presumed that protonation and formation of electrostatic complexes can occur for azobenzenesulfonyl-L-lysine residues, as well. In HFP therefore, polypeptides of structure V can adopt the ordered a-helix structure, while polypeptides of structure VI should be forced by the electrostatic interactions arising from complexation with HFP to adopt a disordered conformation. 

Examples of other polymers which have been reported as useful as a matrix material for delivery devices include poly(anhydride)s, polyesters such as poly(glycolide)s and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)s, poly(amino acid)s such as poly(lysine), polymers and copol5mers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), acrylic terminated PEO, poly(amide)s. 

Bou J.J., Mufioz-Guerra S., Synthesis and characterization of a polytartaramide based on L-lysine, Polymer, 36, 1995, 181-186. 

The amino acid-NCA used was N -Benzyloxycarbonyllysine-NCA [Lys-(2)-NCA] as monomer of the lysine-polymer (poly-Lys). 

Cooper, T. M., Stone, M. O., Obermeier, K., Crane, R., Epling, R., Tokarski, Z., and Natarajan, L. V., Second harmonic generation in corona poled thin films of spiropyran-modified succinylated poiy(L-lysine), Polym. Prepr., 34, 598-599 (1993). 

Similar to biochip technology a poly-L-lysine monolayer can be bound via adsorption onto a gold cluster coated with a self-assembled monolayer of a carboxylated thiol e.g. mercapto-succinic acid. Using a biotinylated lysine-polymer proteins are immobilized via avidin conjugation. The poly-L-Iysine monolayer including all the proteins can be rinsed from the surface with a low or high pH buffer. 

Poly-L-lysine has been linked to specific peptides that bind the serpin enzyme complex receptor in an attempt to increase luminal airway epithehal gene transfer efficiency (28). The poly-L-lysine polymer has also been modified to enhance gene transfer efficiency. Kollen et al. (29,30) have demonstrated that lactosylated poly-L-lysine can significantly enhance gene DNA transfer to cultured CF cells in vitro. 

In Industrial Chemicals. Recendy, as some amino acids (eg, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, glycine, DL-alanine, DL-methionine) have become less expensive chemical materials, they have been employed in various appHcation fields. Poly(amino acid)s are attracting attention as biodegradable polymers in connection with environmental protection (236). 

Caprolactam is an amide and, therefore, undergoes the reactions of this class of compounds. It can be hydrolyzed, Ai-alkylated, O-alkylated, nitrosated, halogenated, and subjected to many other reactions (3). Caprolactam is readily converted to high molecular weight, linear nylon-6 polymers. Through a complex series of reactions, caprolactam can be converted to the biologically and nutritionally essential amino acid L-lysine (10) (see Amino acids). 

Several years ago Makino et al. 86) studied the influence of anions on the conformation of poly-[L-methionine-S-methylsulfonium] salts in solution. They found that especially perchlorate will induce a-helix formation whereas Cl- and Br do not. Since then several authors 87 92) have found a similar a-helix inducing effect in the case of poly-L-lysine (Lys) and other BPAA at low pH-values where the polymer molecules usually attain an extended conformation due to the electrostatic repulsion of the ammonium groups. Therefore, the a-helix inducing effect is obviously an... 

Polyisothiouronium group chelating resins mineral processing, 6,826 Polyketones metal complexes, 2, 399 Poly(L-lysine) metal complexes, 2, 764 Polymerization solid state, 1, 470 Polymers... 

Microcapsules can be used for mammalian cell culture and the controlled release of drugs, vaccines, antibiotics and hormones. To prevent the loss of encapsulated materials, the microcapsules should be coated with another polymer that forms a membrane at the bead surface. The most well-known system is the encapsulation of the alginate beads with poly-L-lysine. 

On the whole, curing procedures appear a promising way to obtain very stable polymer films. Thus, the structure of already mentioned polylysine has been revised as a block polymer involving either the a or e amino groups of lysine Vitamin Bj2 modified carbon electrodes were prepared by thermal curing of a mixture of a diamino functionalized derivative 5 and an epoxy prepolymer 6 of the araldite... 

Zhang JY, Beckman EJ, Hu J, Yang GG, Agarwal S, and Hollinger JO. Synthesis, biodegradabihty, and biocompatibihty of lysine discamate-glucose polymers. Tissue Eng, 2002, 8, 771-785. 

Historically, after the development of oligopeptide-based vesicles, several groups developed and characterized vesicles using polypeptide hybrid systems consisting of polypeptide and synthetic polymer blocks [17-19]. Soon thereafter, vesicles formed entirely from polypeptides, such as poly(L-lysine)-h-poly(L-leucine) and poly(L-lysine)-h-poly(L-glutamate), were developed [20, 21]. This review will focus on recent developments in the formation of vesicles composed of polypeptide hybrid or polypeptide systems, as well as the potential promise of these systems as effective dmg delivery vehicles. A specific example of a polypeptide-based vesicle is shown in Fig. 1, where the hydrophobic segment is a-helical and the hydrophilic segment is a random coil. 

Fig. 1 Vesicle construct formed from poly(L-lysine)-i)-poly(L-leucme) polypeptides where the poly(L-leucine) block corresponds to the a-helical hydrophobic segments and the poly (L-lysine) block corresponds to the random coil hydrophilic segments. Note that this is one specific example and not all vesicle constructs have a-helical and random coil blocks. Moreover, the amphiphilic copolymer can be comprised of either a pure block copolypeptide or a macromolecule consisting of a polypeptide and another type of polymer. Adapted from [20] with permission. Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society...

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