Lungs exposure

Inhalation (internal lung exposure from breathing),... 

The interactions may be physicochemical without the participation of biological mechanisms for example, deep lung exposure to highly soluble irritative gases, such as sulfur dioxide, may become enhanced due to adsorption of the gas onto fine particles. Biological interactions may occur at all stages and body sites. For example, toxicity is increased when adverse effects are due to some reactive metabolic intermediate and exposure to another agent stimulates its metabolic activation (enzyme induction). 

Acute exposure to cadmium may lead to chemical pneumonitis and edema, but is rare nowadays (Herber 1994b). Chronic exposure to Cd affects mostly the renal tubules and the lung. Exposure to Cd can take place both in the occupational and environmental area. 

S Legramante, J.M. et al. (2009) Cardiac autonomic regulation after lung exposure to carbon nanotubes. Human Experimental Toxicology, 28 (6-7), 369-375. 

Alpert, S. M., and T. R. Lewis. Ozone tolerance studies utilizing unilateral lung exposure. J. Appl. Physiol. 31 243-246, 1971. 

As vapors, all the halogens are highly irritating and react with the respiratory system, mucous membranes, eyes, and lungs. Exposure to high concentrations can be fatal. This is tme more for chlorine and bromine than for iodine, which is less volatile in World War 1, chlorine was used as an agent in chemical warfare. 

Cantin A, Dubois F, Begin R. 1988. Lung exposure to mineral dusts enhances the capacity of lung inflammatory cells to release superoxide. J Leukoc Biol 43 299-303. 

A4.3.8.3.3 Special requirements may exist for gloves or other protective clothing to prevent skin, eye or lung exposure. Where relevant, this type of PPE should be clearly stated. For example, PVC gloves or nitrile rubber gloves , and thickness and breakthrough time of the glove material. Special requirements may exist for respirators. 

Radioactive Strontium. No studies were located regarding death in humans following inhalation exposure to radioactive strontium. Information on the lethality of inhaled radioactive strontium is limited to acute exposure studies. Because of the bone-seeking behavior of strontium, an acute exposure to airborne 90Sr results in chronic exposure to radiation from 90Sr incorporated into bone. If insoluble radiostrontium compounds are inhaled, there could be long-term lung exposure (see discussion of the study by Willard and Snyder (1966) in Section 3.4.1.1). 

Methyl formate is a moderately toxic compound affecting eyes, respiratory tract, and central nervous system. It is an irritant to the eyes, nose, and lungs. Exposure to high concentrations of its vapors in air may pro-dnce visnal distnrbances, irritations, narcotic effects, and respiratory distress in humans. Such effects may be manifested at a 1-hour exposure to about 10,000-ppm concentration. Cats died of pntmonary edema from 2-hour exposure to this concentration. 

Systemic Effects The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system, kidneys, and lungs. Exposure to high... 

Exposure of the upper airways of mice to ozone at 0.5-0.8 ppm for 1-24 days has induced a two-fold increase in IgA+B-lymphocytes. In the deep lung, exposure to 0.7 ppm ozone for 14 days causes an accumulation of T-lymiphocytes [291, 292], The number of leucocyte cells in controls, 3.8.10, was increased to 7.5.10 cells in exposed mice. Ozone exposure of lymph nodes of euthymiic mice indicated that the histopathologic canges were more extensive in the ath5miic animals [293]. 

Kaplan JM, St George JA, Pennington SE, Keyes LD, Johnson RP, Wadsworth SC, Smith AE. Humoral and cellular immune resportses of nonhuman primates to long-term repeated lung exposure to Ad2/CFTR-2. Gene Ther 1996 3 117-127. 

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