Lung metastase

A 50- year-old female had a radical mastectomy three years ago for hormone-dependent breast adenocarcinoma. She is now complaining of shortness of breath, and chest X-ray shows diffuse lung metastases. As part of her therapeutic regimen, she is given intramuscular hormone replacement therapy (1IRT). 

The aforementioned electrical potentials and the electrochemical events involved in the extra-cellular fluid dynamics caused by them around the tumor (viz. coronas) led Nordenstrom to propose the use of externally applied potential differences to cause changes that might lead to the destruction of the tumor, i.e., ECT of cancerous tissues. In 1978, he reported on the treatment of lung metastases in 20 patients by the method of ECT,10 based on earlier preliminary work on five patients. Since then, he has published very extensive studies on the electrochemical treatment (ECT) of tumors.12"18... 

The observations of Battermann et al. [32] on lung metastases indicate that slowly growing tumors (well differentiated) could benefit from high-LET treatment (Fig. 9). The clinical results accumulated over more than 25 years confirmed these observations. 

Figure 9 Relation between the RBE of neutrons for regression of lung metastases in patients and their doubling time. The closed circles correspond to measured values of RBE. The open circles correspond to values estimated from irradiation with neutrons only. For the 15-MeV neutrons used in this study [produced by a (d,T) generator], the RBE for the tolerance of the most important normal tissues is about 3. As a consequence, neutrons are a good indication (RBE >3) for tumors having doubling times greater that 100 days. In contrast, they should not be used for rapidly growing tumors. (From Ref. 32.)...

Nixon DW, Shlaer SM. Fulminant lung metastases from cancer of the breast. Med Pediatr Oncol 1981 9(4) 381-5. 

Rakhmilevich, A.L., Janssen, K., Hao, Z., Sondel, P.M. and Yang, N.-S. (2000) Interleukin 12 gene therapy of a weakly immunogenic mouse mammary carcinoma results in reduction of spontaneous lung metastases via a T cell-independent mechanism. Cancer Gene Then, 7, 826-838. 

Administration of separate isomeric forms of BHC (a, 6) produced liver tumors and lung metastases in mice, whether bred for a low or high incidence of spontaneous tumors (ref. 100). Effects of BHC reported on exposed humans Include liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis in 8 workers also cases of aplastic anemia and leukemia (ref. 100, p. 157). Animal studies to date focused primarily on the reproductive effects of lindane are both insufficient and inconclusive. Earl et al. reported fetotoxic effects (stillbirths, perinatal deaths) in beagles (ref. 

Anderson PM, Markovic SN, Sloan JA, Clawson ML, Wylam M, Arndt CAS, Smithson WA, Burch P, Gornet M, Rahman E (1999), Aerosol granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor a low toxicity, lung-specific biological therapy in patients with lung metastases, Clin. Cancer Res. 5 2316-2323. 

CT scan to objectively measure disease response (retroperitoneal mass and lung metastases) after the last cycle (cycle 3),... 

Li, W., Ishida, T., Okada, N., and Kiwada, H. (2005), Increased gene expression by cationic liposomes (TFL-3) in lung metastases following intravenous injection, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 28,701-706. 

Squalamine has been tested in mammary, ovary, and lung cancer xenograft mouse models [20,23-26]. Results sho ved that squalamine alone had a modest effect on tumor growth delay and in some cases it resulted in decreased number of lung metastases. However, in most studies, squalamine treatment was more efficacious when combined with previously established anticancer agents such as cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, or genestein, or with radiation therapy. 

Fig. 8.4. Visualization of lung metastases following staining with Bouin s fixative (lighter colored nodules on the surface, Panel A, tw o lungs to the right of the normal lung) or following injection of India ink solution into the trachea followed by destaining with Fekete s solution (Panel B, depicting white nodules against the...

Cavanaugh, P. G. and Nicolson, G. L. (1991). Lung-derived growth factor that stimulates the growth of lung-metastasizing tumor cells identification as transferrin. J. Cell. Biochem. 47, 261-271. 

Poste, G., Tzeng, J., Doll, J., Greig, R., Rieman, D. and Zeldman, I. (1982), Evolution of tumor cell heterogeneity during progressive growth of individual lung metastases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6574-6578. 

Ritland, S. R., Rowse, G. J., Chang, Y. and Gendler, S. J. (1997). Loss of heterozygosity analysis in primary mammary tumors and lung metastases of MMTV-MTAg and MMTV-neu transgenic mice. Cancer Res. 57, 3520-3525. 

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