Luminescence microscopy

Charbonniere LJ, Hildebrandt N, Ziessel RF, Lohmannsroben HG (2006) Lanthanides to quantum dots resonance energy transfer in time-resolved fluoro-immunoassays and luminescence microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 128 12800-12809... 

Figure 17 Experimental setup for time-resolved luminescence microscopy with lanthanide ions.

Observation After 30-60 min of moistening in the solution, the cells are studied by luminescent microscopy. 

Charbonniere, L. Ziessel, R. Guardigli, M. Roda, A. Sabbatini, N. Cesario, M. Lanthanide tags for time-resolved luminescence microscopy displaying improved stability and optical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001,123, 2436-2437. 

An example of the utility of the time-resolved technique in eliminating the interference from background fluorescence in bioimaging is shown in Figure 13.17b. Nagano and coworkers compared time-resolved luminescence microscopy with conventional microscopy using live cultured HeLa cells injected with a Eu + complex Eu-36 (or Eu-37). In the prompt fluorescence images, both the luminescence of Eu-36 (or Eu-37) and weak autofluorescence from... 

In addition, pyrazoyl-azaxanthone can also be used as a sensitizer of lanthanide complexes. An emissive terbium complex Tb-58 incorporating a pyrazoyl-l-aza-xanthonechromophore (Figure 13.25) exhibits cellular uptake and possesses a much lower sensitivity to excited state quenching. For example, Tb-58 was incubated for varying periods of time (from 1 to 12 h 50 or 100 xM complex) with CHO or NIH/3T3 cells. Examination of the loaded cells by luminescence microscopy revealed complex uptake, and localization within endosomes in the cytoplasm, presumably following receptor mediated endocytosis, but no tendency to nuclear localization [75]. 

Deiters, E., Song, B., Chauvin, A.S., et al. (2009) Luminescent bimetallic lanthanide bioprobes for cellular imaging with excitation in the visible-Ught range. Chemistry —A European Journal, 15, 885—900. Charbonniere, L.J., Weibel, N., Estoumes, C., et al. (2004) Spatial and temporal discrimination of siUca particles functionalized with luminescent lanthanide markers using time-resolved luminescence microscopy. New Journal of Chemistry, 28, 777—781. 

Yu, M.X., Li, F.Y., Chen, Z.G, et al. (2009) Laser scanning up-conversion luminescence microscopy for imaging cells labeled with rare-earth nanophosphors. Analytical Chemistry, 81, 930-935. 

Houseknecht D. W. (1991) Use of cathodoluminescence petrography for understanding compaction, quartz cementation, and porosity in sandstones. In Luminescence Microscopy and Spectroscopy Quantitative and Qualitative Applications (eds. C. E. Barker and O. C. Kopp). Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), Tulsa, OK, Short Course vol. 25, pp. 59-75. 

FIGURE 98 Structure of the [Eu(L15 )3] complex used for two-photon luminescence microscopy (Picot et al., 2008a). 

Since only the electronic levels of the sample are probed with this technique, many parameters of interest to the material cannot be direcdy assessed. For example, morphology or structural information of the material cannot be determined through luminescence measurements. In addition, the specific nature and location of the observed defects described above cannot be determined without more sophisticated luminescence microscopy measurements. Also, the material must be inherently luminescent to provide any useful information from this technique. This luminescence may not be visible at ambient temperatures, however some sample cooling might be required to obtain usable data. With these limitations in mind, however, the solid-state luminescence technique has many benefits. Many of these advantages are also commonly profiled in molecular or atomic emission spectroscopy treatments. Luminescence is one of the most sensitive of analytical techniques, with a large linear concentration range and very low limits of detection. 

Barker, C. E. O. C. Kopp (eds.), 1991. Luminescence Microscopy and Spectroscopy Qualitative and Quantitative Applications. SEPM Short Course 25, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 195 pp. 

Luminescence petrographic techniques (also luminescence microscopy) Thin section petrographic techniques utilizing luminescence or the light emitted from a solid that is excited by an incident beam of some form of energy. 

Connally RE, Piper JA (2008) Time-gated luminescence microscopy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1130 106-116... 

Song B, Vandervyver CDB, Chauvin AS, Bunzli JCG (2(X)8) Time-resolved luminescence microscopy of bimetallic lanthanide helicates in living cells. Org Biomol Chem 8 4125-4133... 

Connally RE, Veal DA, Piper J (2006) High intensity solid-state UV source for gated timegated luminescence microscopy. Cytometry 69A 1020-1027... 

The further development of immunolocalizing analytical techniques in conjunction with state-of-the-art optoelectronics and luminescence microscopy also seems worthwhile for the recognition of colloidal or cell-bound haptens. 

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