Low-lactose

The proteinuria and aminoaciduria, and acidosis and glucosuria where they occur, are probably caused by reversible inhibition of some functions of the renal tubule. There would appear to be no structural damage to the kidney. However, 2 children developed nephrolithiasis while being treated with a low-lactose diet (B7, C5), The time course of events, when galactose is withdrawn from and returned to the diet, suggests that some metabolite of galactose accumulates in the cells of the renal tubules and has an inhibitory effect on the reabsorption of a number of substances. 

There is a remarkable degree of disagreement, among different workers, on the best type of low-lactose diet to feed to galactosemics. The basic principles are clear and generally accepted since the clinical manifestations of galactosemia are due to intoxication by galactose-1-... 

The value of any low-lactose diet can be judged only by the effect on the patients. On this basis all the above diets have achieved good results in some cases, none has been completely satisfactory. The results in young and severely ill infants are different from those in older and more moderately affected children, and the two groups are dealt with separately. 

Figure 2.35 (a) Scheme for manufacture of low-lactose milk using a high level of soluble /)-galactosidase. (b) Scheme for the manufacture of low-lactose milk by addition of a low level of soluble / -galactosidase to UHT-sterilized milk. (Redrawn from Mahoney, 1997.)... 

Low-lactose yogurt—made with /3-D-galactosidase, with lactose hydrolyzed for a sweeter product with no added sugar ... 

One of the first cases of the application of membrane bioreactors in food processes was the production of milk with low lactose content. (3-galactosidase was entrapped into cellulose acetate fibers to carry out the hydrolysis of milk and whey lactose [2] recently the system was improved by the use of microfiltration and by UV irradiation of the enzyme solution to avoid growth of micro-organisms [45]. 

Case B (c) Galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is an enzyme involved in conversion of galactose to glucose, which then can enter glycolysis. Absence of this enzyme leads to accumulation of galactose in the blood and excretion in the urine. A patient with this deficiency should be on a low-lactose diet (treatment 3). 

Neutral lactase (p-Galactosidase) is an enzyme produced on an industrial scale, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose. Industry utilizes this enzyme in the production of low-lactose dairy products, whey treatment, and fermented lactic products. The goal of this study is to demonstrate that a new colorimetric method to measure the enzymatic activity is adequate for use as a standard method. 

An alternative to produce low-lactose milk is overexpression of jS-galactosidase in milk. However, the monosachharides produced within the formed milk increases the osmotic pressure within the alveolar lumen, thereby drawing more water and resulting in further dilution of other milk components (Bremel et al., 1989). 

Jost, B., Vilotte, J.-L., Duluc, L, Rodeau, J.-L., and Freund, J.-N. (1999). Production of low-lactose milk by ectopic expression of intestinal lactase in the mouse mammary gland. Nat. Biotechnol. 17,160-164. 

Nutritional fortification Humanized infant formulae Low-lactose infant formulae Specific mineral balance infant foods... 

Lactases To produce low-lactose milk and related products for special dietary requirements... 

Removal of Inducer Requirement, a) Growth in chemostat with limiting substrate inducer. When growth of a population of an inducible parent culture is carried out in a chemostat with very low concentrations of a substrate inducer, selection occurs for constitutive mutants which do not require inducer. For example, growth in a chemostat with a low lactose concentration selects for E. coli mutants which form -galacto-sidase without inducer and which contain as much as 25 % of their protein as /3-galactosidase (Novick and Horiuchi, 1961). 

Membrane vesicles containing a high concentration of lactose in their inner volume could be formed. The binding of lactose to the inner face of the permease would be followed by the binding of a proton. Both sides would then evert. Because the lactose concentration on the outside is low, lactose and the proton will dissociate from the permease. The dovmhill flux of lactose will drive the uphill flux of protons in this in vitro system. 

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