Low energy consumption

Kaibel, G., Distillation Column Arrangements with Low Energy Consumption, IChemE Symp. Ser., 109 43, 1988. 

The main advantages of the Cosorb process over the older copper ammonium salt process are low corrosion rate, abiHty to work in carbon dioxide atmospheres, and low energy consumption. The active CuAlCl C H CH complex is considerably more stable than the cuprous ammonium salt, and solvent toluene losses are much lower than the ammonia losses of the older process (94). 

A characteristic of many industrial halls is that zones of occupancy take up only a small portion of the room volume and height. In addition, the flows are normally buoyancy dominated. This results in a vertical temperature stratification that can be utilized for room air conditioning design in order to achieve effective climatization along with low energy consumption. 

To give the designer some advice, many recommendations exist in literature. Some general recommendations can be found in prEN 13779 for designing the air distribution system for low energy consumption. These include giving a certain target level for power consumption [the so-called SEP class. SEP means specific fan power, the ratio between the input power of fan mo tors and the total airflow, in W/(m s" )]. 

The potential of mass transit to provide transportation sendees with low energy consumption relies on the high capacity of transit vehicles, since these vehicles have higher energy consumption per vehicle distance traveled compared to private motorized vehicles or nonmotorized modes. Therefore the occupancy rate of transit service is a key factor in determining its energy efficiency. This rate can be measured by the ratio of person distance traveled to vehicle distance traveled. 

Major drivers for using micro-channel chip systems for chemical analysis are low reagent consumption, low energy consumption, high reliability, good robustness also in the hands of personnel not trained in analytical chemistry, and low maintenance requirements [30]. 

The design optimization of an electrolytic cell aims at a high throughput with a low energy consumption at the lowest feasible cost. The throughput of an electrochemical reactor is measured in terms of the space time yield, Yt, defined as the volumetric quantity of the metal produced per unit time per unit volume of the process reactor. This quantity is expressed as ... 

Nowadays most of the research programmes are focused on the development of low atmospheric pollutant emission systems integrating low energy consumption in order to... 

Heating by means of single-mode microwave irradiation enables readily adjustable and controlled bulk heating which can be performed safely and with very low energy consumption. The synthetic chemist of today can take advantage of the unique carbon-carbon bond formation reactions afforded by organometallic chemistry and make the reaction happen in seconds or minutes, an important feat, because many transition-metal-catalyzed reactions are time-consuming. 

The answer lies in microsystem design and fabrication, applied to a relatively simple arrangement of gas sensors (the higher the integration the better). Combined with microelectronics, it is perfectly suited for the mass production of EN modules. Microsystems are usually produced in batches and will meet demand at low cost. Additionally, small size, low energy consumption and long-term stability can be achieved. Of course, not only consumer applications will benefit from the microsystem approach, since the improvements are also relevant to instruments used in industrial applications, medical care or in environmental monitoring. 

Krupp Uhde (KU) know-how and technology is based on extensive experience in chlorine production and provides clients with short shutdown periods for the conversion of chlorine plants to membrane technology, low-energy consumption and includes special technologies for higher chlorine quality and hydrogen-free production. 

The heart of an electrolysis plant is its electrolysers. The factors that improve the Rol are features such as low energy consumption and high on-stream factors, flexibility of plant load, high current densities and short electrolyser downtime periods for maintenance. 

This means that the figure of 2130 kWh/t/NaOH at 5 kA m-2 as quoted in literature [6] is even higher than the value reached with KU elements in the first months of operation and that the new KU single element provides low energy consumption. 

All these modifications lead to the fulfilment of all aspects for an improvement of the Rol by KU single element technology and high efficiency of the latest cell design, such as low energy consumption with a high on-stream factor for the plant, simple and rapid maintenance of the electrolysers, plant load flexibility and high current densities. 

In many cases, it will be impossible to prevent unwanted reactions at the counter electrode. Then a separation of the anolyte and catholyte is needed. An optimal compromise has to be found for the separator between separation effectiveness and ion conductivity, that is, minimized electrical resistance and low energy consumption. Moreover, chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability and price of the separator have to be considered. Naturally, a complete separation is impossible, because a slight diffusion rate is inevitable. In laboratory scale experiments, probably a high cell voltage is acceptable in order to realize a maximal separation. 

It is generally agreed that electrolysis of aqueous solutions offers the best prospect for the production of hydrogen from water, because of the easy separation of the H2 and O2 products and because of the relatively low energy consumption if catalytically active metal electrodes are used. Thus, the minimum energy requirements are those for which water, hydrogen and oxygen, each at 1 atmosphere pressure, are in equilibrium ... 

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