Loss of Confinement

If a short cycle time is chosen (e.g. 10 min.) Table VI shows that the enzyme consumption will be much higher than in the batch process, as soon as purging starts (1.8 hours from start). The enzyme consumption can be decreased by enlarging the reactor size, as enzyme concentration and reactor size are inversely proportional (eq. I, Box 1), but it will still be of the same order of magnitude as in the batch process. The increase in reactor size has, however, the disadvantage that more protein substrate is confined and lost in the end (Table VI). The concomitant loss of confined enzyme is found to be the same in both cases, which is obvious from eq. I. 

Loss of confinement resulting from the creation of a borehole can lead to wellbore failure. The weight of the drilling fluid provides some of the support (for the wellbore) which was originally provided by the drilled out material. However, when drilling under an overbalance condition in shales without an effective flow barrier present at the wellbore wall, invasion of the mud filtrate into the formation may occur. Due to the saturation and low permeability of shales, a small volume of mud filtrate penetrating the formation will result in a considerable increase in pore pressure near the wellbore wall. The increase in pore pressure reduces the effective mud support and can lead to a less stable wellbore condition. 

Internal Missiles Loss of Confinement Loss of Heating... 

Therefore, the loss of confinement is bounded by either the DBE, the inadvertent oiticality, or the Disassembly Basin draindown event. 

Loss of Confinement Bound by DBE, draindown. or overfill Bound by DBE, draindown, or overfill Rdease Low in... 

E-3 Loss of confinement— Missiles (in combination with ignition source)... 

E-3 Loss of confinement—Impacts, acceleration/deceleration, missiles... 

Potential (Pressure) E-3 Loss of confinement—Impacts, missiles E-4 Direct Exposure—Worker injury E-5 Criticality—Loss of configuration or spacing... 

Internal flooding sources E-3 Loss of confinement—Ground/surface water runoff E-5 Criticality—Increased moderation... 

Physical E-3 Loss of confinement—Puncture, dropping E-4 Direct exposure—Worker injury... 

For example, loss of confinement through loss of power (lightning), or smoke plugging the filtration system (fire), or many others. 

It would appear that this type of addition may not be confined to the addition of NH2 in liquid ammonia, since it has been observed that treatment of 2-chloro-3-dichloromethyl-pyrazine with an excess of methoxide results in the introduction of a methoxy group into the 6-position of the pyrazine ring (Scheme 9) (68TL5931). This reaction is best rationalized in terms of addition of the methoxide ion at the 6-position, followed by loss of chloride ion from the dichloromethyl side chain. 

Refrigeration Loss of containment of a liquefied gas under pressure and at atmospheric temperature causes immediate flashing of a large proportion of the gas. This is followed by slower evaporation of the residue. The hazard from a gas under pressure is normally much less in terms of the amount of material stored, but the physical energy released if a confined explosion occurs at high pressure is large. 

Cations, radicals and anions can be formally considered as being derived from a parent compound by loss of H , H- or respectively. Cations are also commonly considered as being formed by addition of to a site bearing an unshared electron pair. The result of such processes can be indicated by adding suffixes, modifying them, or modifying a prefix. This discussion is confined almost entirely to examples in which the affected site is part of a heterocyclic ring. 

Close examinations revealed that metal loss was confined to in. (13 mm) of the internal surface at the inlet end (Fig. 11.25). Note the two perforations near the bottom of the photograph. Generally, the metal loss was confined to the region within the tube sheet, but occasioneJly perforations occurred just beyond the tube sheet, resulting in leakage of cooling water. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Persoruil Protective Equipment Fresh air mask for confined areas rubber gloves protective clothing full face shield Symptoms Following Exposure Will bum eyes and skin. The analgesic action may cause loss of pain sensation. Readily absorbed through skin, causing increased heart rate, convulsions, and death General Treatment for Exposure ... 

Fig. 1 illustrates possible setups that have been used in various studies. Scheme (a) allows the simulation of two equivalent interfaces between aqueous and non-aqueous phases. Scheme (b) simulates two equivalent aqueous/non-aqueous and two equivalent non-aqueous/vacuum interfaces and can be used to avoid the interactions between the aqueous phase and its images. Scheme (c), usually used when the non-aqueous phase is solid, simulates simultaneously an aqueous/non-aqueous, a solid/vacuum and an aqueous/gas interface. In addition, a confining wall at large distances from the aqueous/gas interface may be employed to prevent the loss of molecules from the simulation cell. 

During the next fifty years the interest in derivatives of divalent carbon was mainly confined to methylene (CHg) and substituted methylenes obtained by decomposition of the corresponding diazo compounds this phase has been fully reviewed by Huisgen. The first convincing evidence for the formation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform was presented by Hine in 1950. Kinetic studies of the basic hydrolysis of chloroform in aqueous dioxane led to the suggestion that the rate-determining step was loss of chloride ion from the tri-chloromethyl anion which is formed in a rapid pre-equilibrium with hydroxide ions ... 

The effects of UV radiation on degradable plastics are usually confined to the exposed surface layers. Tlie general effect is one of embrittlement. Tensile strength may either increase or decrease, but the elongation upon breaking is always reduced. A loss of impact... 

Uses. Minols have historically been used in four types of ordnance, a) underwater (mines, torpedoes and depth charges) where the confinement of water offsets some of the loss of detonation velocity, b) blockbuster bombs in which a sustained and powerful impulse is more destructive than a high peak press, c) concrete fragmentation bombs where the high impulse will impart a satisfactory fragment velocity but will not pulverize the concrete they contact on impact, and d) in general purpose (GP) bombs... 

Free Enzymes in Flow Reactors. Substitute t = zju into the DDEs of Example 12.5. They then apply to a steady-state PFR that is fed with freely suspended, pristine enzyme. There is an initial distance down the reactor before the quasisteady equilibrium is achieved between S in solution and S that is adsorbed on the enzyme. Under normal operating conditions, this distance will be short. Except for the loss of catalyst at the end of the reactor, the PFR will behave identically to the confined-enzyme case of Example 12.4. Unusual behavior will occur if kfis small or if the substrate is very dilute so Sj Ej . Then, the full equations in Example 12.5 should be (numerically) integrated. 

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