London soap

Kitchen-etuff, as prepared by the Btuff-melters, is a very useful material for mottled soaps, and is largely used by the London soap-makers for this purpose. Being the produoe of Mtchen waste it contains many difierent kinds of fatty matter, hut after its separation from the more solid particles, as gristle, rind, bones, fibrin, etc., by pressure, it forms an uniform fatty mass of good consistency, and oontainB a considerable proportion of stearine, whioh renders it well suited to the manufacture of a curd soap such as the London mottled soap. 

The niger is usually either worked up ifi subsequent boils of soap or converted into an inferior quality of yellow soap, according to the requirements of the soap-aker. The utilisation of the niger, however, has frequently proved a source of trouble to the soap-maker, especially when employing large quantities of dark-coloured resin. Mr. Anderson, a well-known London soap-maker, turned his attention to this subject many years ago, and subsequently obtained a patent from which we extract the following ... 

C. V. Boys, Soap Bubbles and the Forces that Mould Them, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, 1890 reprint ed.. Doubleday Anchor Books, Science Study Series S3, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1959. 

W. A. Poucher, Pefumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, 9th ed., Vols. 1—3, Chapman and Hall, London, 1992. 

Seifen, Oele, Fette, Wadise, A. Ziolkowsky KG, Augsburg, Germany. Soap Cosmetics Chemical Specialties PTN Publishing Co., Melville, N.Y. Soap, Perfumery and Cosmetics, United Trade Press, Ltd., London. 

A bar of talc feels like a bar of soap which is why it is often called soapstone. Its exceptional softness (it is the softest of the Mohs minerals) is a direct result of its unusual crystal structure. This consists of sheets of silicate tetrahedra without metal ions between the sheets. Thus the sheets are bonded only by London polarization forces. The latter are particularly weak because silicate tetrahedra have relatively small polarizabilities. 

In the 1920s, weight loss products included La-Mar Reducing Soap. This product promised to wash away fat and years of age, according to an advertisement from the London, England soap manufacturer. Bettmarm/CORBIS. Reproduced by permission. 

Again in the lubrication of moving metal parts oriented layers are produced, solidly anchored to the metal by carboxyl groups etc. Only the London interaction between the hydrocarbon tails then still acts between the two metal parts each with their layer of lubricating oil. A pure hydrocarbon (kerosene or paraffin oil) lubricates badly since this is forced away through inadequate adhesion to the metal. This is not only a consequence of too small a viscosity since a soap solution (potassium oleate etc.) is serviceable (drilling oil). 

H. Butler, Poacher s Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. 3 Cosmetics, 9th edn, Chapman Hall, London, 1993. 

Mysels, K.J., Shinoda, K., and Frankel, S., Soap Films. Studies of Their Thinning, Pergamon Press, London, 1959... 

Hooke R. On Holes in Soap Bubbles Communication to the Royal Society London, 1672, see T. Birch, History of the Royal Society Millard London, 1757. 

Erucic Acid. 13-Docosenolc acid Al3 l4-docoseno-ic acid. C]2H4202 mol wt 338.56. C 78.04%, H 12.51%, O 9.45%. A monoethenoid acid found in the seed fats of Cru-ciferae and Tropaeolaceae. It constitutes 40 to 50% of the total fatty acids of rapeseed, mustard- and wallflower seed, and it represents up to 80% of fatty acids of nasturtium seeds, cf K. S. Markley, Fatty Acids Part I (Interscience. New York, 2nd ed., 1960) p 138-139. Prepn of a crude product hy alkaline hydrolysis of rapeseed oil Noller, Talbot, Org. Syn. eoll. vol. II, 258 (1943). A purer product is obtained by the method of Dor6e and Pepper, J. Chem. Soc. 1942, 477, which involves a fractional precipitation and crystallization. Prepn of a pure product by acid soap crystallization Chobanov el al. Chem. A Ind. (London) 1965, 606. Synthesis Bowman, J. Chem. Soc. 1950, 177, 325 Bounds et al. ibid. 1953, 2393. Treatment with nitric acid yields the trans isomer, brassidic acid, q v. Dorie. Pepper-foe. eft. Brief review E. Lower, Manuf. Chem. 56(6), 61-63 (1985). 

The stucK of the shapes of soilp dims and bubbles is a fascinating subject. For an account of many simple experiments the reader is referred to the classical book (1890) by C. V. Boys, Soap Bubbles and the Forces which Mould Them, reprinted in the Science Study Series by Heinermum, London, 1960, and by Dover, New York, 1959, or to the more recent book by C. Isenbcrg. Science of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles , Tieto Ltd.. Clcvcdon. 1978. 

K. J. Mysels, K. Shinoda, and S. Frankcl, Soap Films , Perga-mon, London, 1969. 

J. Th. G. Ovcrbcek, Soap Films as a Central Theme in Detergent Research , in Proc. IVth Int. Congr. Surf. Active Substances, 1964, Gordon and Breach, London, New York, Paris, 1967, Vol. II, p. 19. 

S. S. Talmage, Environmental and Human Safety of Major Surfactants, Alcohol Eihoxylaies and Alkylphcnol Ethoxylaie.s, Soap and Detergents As.sociation. London, Lewis, 1994. 

There are two forces which control the equilibrium of the soap micelles in aqueous solution. The negative polar groups repel each other, while the paraffin chains are drawn towards each other by London-van der Waals forces. Undoubtedly... 

Fig. 36. Two opposing forces determine the structure of the soap micelles A) the repulsive Coulomb forces of the charged groups and B) the attractive forces (London-v. d. Waals forces) between the carbon chains.

Anon., The Small Scale Manufacture of Soap An Economic Study, Tropical Products Institute Publi-. cation, London, G.118. 

Webb, E.T. (1927) Modem Soap and Glycerine Manufacture, Davis Brothers, London. 

---