Vapor load, defined

C-factor, a parameter describing vapor load, defined by Eq. (6.4), fVs. 

The C-factor, Cs> is also usually based either on the bubbling or the net area. The inconsistency regarding the area basis of the F-factor extends to the C-factor. The user must beware of any data for which the area basis is not clearly defined, The C-factor has the same units as velocity (feet per second) and directly relates to droplet entrainment (Sec. 6.2.6). In the author s experience, the C-factor is by far the best vapor load term for comparing capacities of systems of different physical properties. 

A term even more suitable for describii vapor loads thjm the F-factor is the C-factor, s> defined as... 

The relationship of vapor and liquid under spray was observed by Sakata and Yanagi (1979) for the sieve tray As the liquid rate reduces beyond a certain amount corresponding to weir loading of 2gpm/in. (gpm is gallons per minute), vapor rate must reduce to maintain the same entrainment rate. This reducing trend of both vapor and hquid rates under very small weir loading defines the spray phenomenon. This trend is different from the tray flood phenomenon under which vapor rate increases as liquid load reduces. 

Because tray flooding occurs when vapor loading is too high, let us start by defining column vapor load as... 

The spray mechanism can be best remembered by hjuyd, the momentum ratio of liquid and vapor. Spray factor is defined in equation (12.6) based on Lockett (1986) with the value of 2.78 as the spray limit. To avoid spray, one needs to increase weir loading, reducing vapor loading and/or hole diameter. 

Vapor load is defined as the vapor from the tray below. Liquid load is defined as the liquid on the tray. 

Preliminary studies into a third variable, the partial pressure of water vapor in the system, are discussed in Part 3 of the Results and Calculations section. Each calorimetric sample ( 1 g, 13.47 mass % bitumen) came from a large sample of "reconstructed" oil sand consisting of Athabasca bitumen loaded onto a chemically inert solid support material (60/80 mesh acid washed Chromosorb W) of well-defined particle size. 

Crude oil specifications may be either for offshore tanker loading or for delivery to an oil pipeline at the platform. Crude oil specifications are usually defined relatively simply, through limitations cn vapor pressure and on BS W (basic sediment and water) content. BSMf la normally limited to a nominal percentage, such as 0.5X, and meeting this specification is outside the scope of this paper. The oil-gas separation system in Dost cases does not significantly affect whether or not the oil will meet the BSAW specification, since for those oils where this is a problem special emulsion treating is required independent cf the oil-gas separation system. 

The spin coating technique has attracted interest, since it maintains many aspects of technical catalysts prepared by pore volume or incipient wetness impregnation, and simultaneously allows the interpretation and analysis in a similar way as the more well-defined model systems discussed above [30]. Here, a solution of the desired catalyst precursor is dropped onto a wafer covered with an oxide film, which is spun on a rotor to create a liquid layer of uniform thickness in order to mimic traditional wet impregnation preparation of catalysts. Control of the catalyst loading and particle size is to some degree achieved by varying the rotation speed, concentration, and vapor pressure of the solute. Still the method suffers, however, from many of the drawbacks associated with wet-impregnated model catalysts, which imparts detailed mechanistic studies. 

Based on this engineering study we concluded that further laboratory studies should be made more fully to define the primary reactor catalyst loadings required to approach equilibrium conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur vapor over the range of pilot plant operating conditions. The reactor used in this additional study duplicated as nearly as possible the geometry of the proposed pilot plant reactor. The laboratory reactor was fabricated of type 304 stainless steel pipe. An electrically heated molten lead bath maintained the desired operating temperature. 

Sometimes the specific enthalpy is based on a mass unit of the mixture however, in this case it is practical to use loading in kg vapor per kg vapor-free inert gas. Note that in the following the loading Y is defined as Y kg water (solid, liquid, or gaseous) present in 1 kg dry air. With as the molar mass of dry air, p, as the partial pressme of water, and p as the total pressure, the law of ideal gases for 1 kg dry air can be written as... 

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