Load, average defined

FIGURE 7.5 7,8-BPQ increases intracellular Ca2+ in murine spleen cells (A) and in both B and T cells (B). Single cell suspensions were prepared from murine spleens. Splenocytes were loaded with Fluo-3/AM dye for one hour and then treated with 7,8-BPQ, 1,6-BPQ, 3,6-BPQ, or DMSO (control). Surface-marker-defined T cells and B cells were treated with 7,8-BPQ or DMSO. Following treatment, the immediate intracellular Ca2+ response was continuously monitored for 15 minutes. Results are shown as the change in Mean Channel Fluorescence SEM. The numbers shown in this figure were the averages of triplicate determinants. Adapted from Gao et al., 2005. 

Electrical demand is defined as the average load connected by a user... 

To simplify our calculations, let us define a reference lattice by assuming that the shape of a chromophore can be approximated as an ellipsoid (see Fig. 10). Taking the long axis of the ellipse as 10, we can define a closely packed cubic lattice of spheres of diameter 10. The number density associated with this lattice is N0=(l0) 3. For chromophore concentrations (loading in a host matrix) below this reference number density (i.e., N=N0x lattice with lattice constant, a=b=(N0) 1/3(x) l/3. For N >N0, only the intermolecular distances in the plane perpendicular to the principle ellipsoid axis can decrease with increasing concentration, x. We have a simple tetrahedral lattice with lattice constants, a=(N0) 1/3(x) l/3 b=(N0) l/3. 

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